檸檬馬鞭草(Lemon VerbenaAloysia triphylla)

 

馬鞭草科(Verbenaceae)防臭木屬(Aloysia)或過江藤屬(Lippia)

學名:Aloysia triphyllaLippia citrodoraAloysia citrodora(Lippia citriodora舊稱)#1(有說法指citriodora都是錯誤使用)#2

中文名:檸檬馬鞭草

 

C檸檬馬鞭草.jpg

1檸檬馬鞭草(Aloysia triphylla)#3

 

【生理活性】

 

根據Mahmoodreza Moein的研究#4,檸檬馬鞭草精油主成分有反式檸檬醛(geranial16.70 -26.94%)、順式檸檬醛(neral13.46-21.46%)α-薑黃烯(α-Curcumene7.90-9.15%)δ-檸烯(δ-Limonene3.89-12.41%)、桉油醇(1,8-Cineole1.49-5.49%)和石竹烯氧化物 (Caryophyllene oxide2.52-9.30%)

 

民俗療法

 

檸檬馬鞭草原生於中、南美洲,在當地非常流行,根據史料紀載,早在17世紀印加文明即用來當作草藥。居住在安地斯山脈的傳統術士(traditional healers)使用檸檬馬鞭草治療痙攣、支氣管炎、消化和心臟疾病。墨西哥人常用來緩解胃的不適、沮喪和焦慮;在巴西有多種用途,酒精萃取物或精油可作為殺菌劑和皮膚病的治療,巴西南方喜歡煮成茶當作殺蟲劑、殺菌劑和興奮劑,或喝下它治療感冒、發燒、流感、痙攣、脹氣、痤瘡和神經相關疾病;阿根廷居民會使用檸檬馬鞭草在抗痙攣、利尿、強心、鎮靜和消化等用途;在葡萄牙,則會用於治療腹瀉、失眠和風濕#5

 

抗氧化

 

給大鼠口服檸檬馬鞭草萃取物後,檢測血液發現有強抗氧化力#6。另一類似研究#7,攝取萃取物後的大鼠,血液細胞內的抗氧化活性明顯增加,且表現出抗發炎、抗動脈粥狀化以及保護血液細胞的功效。檸檬馬鞭草的水煮液和冷泡茶(infusion)可有效減少油脂氧化和蛋白質變質,而且水煮液的效果優於冷泡茶#8。其他在細胞的實驗顯示,檸檬馬鞭草葉冷泡茶具有抗氧化和抗基因毒性的潛力功效#9。也有研究指出,防臭木屬植物的精油能抗基因毒性,減少紫外光造成的DNA傷害#1043位健康成人臨床試驗,結果表示檸檬馬鞭草葉可減少脂肪過氧化,增加血液中抗氧化力#11

 

 

抗菌和殺蟲性

 

檸檬馬鞭草葉精油在濃度2.84 - 3.87mg/ml時可抑制大腸桿菌金黃色葡萄球菌和綠膿桿菌#12。另一研究指檸檬馬鞭草整株酒精萃取物對綠膿桿菌抑制效果最好,對枯草桿菌(B. subtilis)最差#13。不過在轉糖鏈球菌(Streptococcus mutans)和邊緣鏈球菌(S. sobrinu)的實驗,2%的酒精和水萃取物無法有效抑制#14

 

作為殺蟲劑,其精油能有效對付熱帶家蚊(Culex quinquefasciatus),尤其是和冬季香薄荷(Satureja montana)11混合時,效果更好,通常含有高濃度檸檬醛的精油都有此特性#5, 152011年一項使用純胡薄荷酮(pulegone)和檸檬醛2種化合物對付頭蝨的研究,結果顯示可改善42 - 55%#16

 

保護神經

 

根據小鼠的神經母細胞瘤細胞實驗檸檬馬鞭草精油在濃度0.1 mg/ml有保護神經作用#17

 

鎮靜、麻醉、抗痙攣、抗焦慮和助焦慮

 

檸檬馬鞭草精油可麻醉白鯰魚(silver catfish)且濃度不需1 ppm#18使用更低濃度時則有鎮靜功效#19。另在未成年的白蝦也有相同效果#20。動物實驗發現水萃取物濃度超過10 mg/kg會增加大鼠焦慮#21,但其他實驗卻顯示脂溶性萃取物可有效降低小鼠焦慮#22,專家認為這樣的差異可能源於脂溶性分子較易通過血腦屏障,發揮抗焦慮功效。

 

酒精萃取物可改善小鼠因電流或化學藥物引發的癲癇,實驗顯示能減少發作持續時間並增加潛伏期#23Ragone 研究#24指水萃取物可減少腸道收縮,鬆弛腸道平滑肌(intestinal smooth muscle),效果可達常用治療藥的78 - 81%,能改善腸躁症及相關腸胃病。作者從萃取物中純化出兩種黃酮類成分:牡荊素(Vitexin)和異牡荊素(isovitexin),結果顯示牡荊素有相同效果,可是異牡荊素無效。

 

改善腸胃病

 

甲醇萃取物可減少大鼠小腸的異常蠕動,實驗發現可抑制32%,效果等同於常用止瀉藥樂必寧(loperamide),也和傳統療法作為止瀉藥的想法相呼應#25。檸檬馬鞭草浸泡茶(infusion)可預防大鼠因葡聚糖硫酸鈉(Dextran sulfate sodiumDSS)誘發的結腸炎(colitis),減少結腸損傷和變形#26

 

止痛、抗發炎

 

檸檬馬鞭草除可抗痙攣,也有抗發炎功效,根據大鼠和體外子宮平滑肌實驗的結果,檸檬馬鞭草的己烷萃取物以及主要成分檸檬醛,都展現抗痙攣和抗發炎功效#27。檸檬馬鞭草含有的成分毛蕊花糖苷(verbascoside),經研究可減少大鼠的坐骨神經性疼痛#28。還有在其他的大鼠實驗,利用口服和腹腔注射攝取毛蕊花糖苷後,同樣表現出痛覺敏感度降低的功效#29。在一項30位多發性硬化症患者參與的臨床試驗,實驗組每日吃600毫克檸檬馬鞭草萃取物持續28天,結果顯示血液內發炎因子下降,抗發炎的細胞激素(cytokine)濃度則明顯上升了#30

 

減少心血管疾病風險

 

在一項隨機雙盲100位心血管疾病高風險患者參與的臨床試驗,攝取50100毫克毛蕊花糖苷持續2周後,相比對照組,100毫克高劑量組顯示患者血小板凝集(platelet aggregation)顯著減少,降低血栓形成風險#31

 

抗癌

 

體外實驗指出#5, 13,檸檬馬鞭草酒精萃取物能抑制人類大腸癌細胞的增生(38.66%),在濃度1000 mg/ml時有最大抑制效果。

 

可能風險

 

Oskouei Shirvan的研究#32指劑量0.5毫克/公斤體重的檸檬馬鞭草水萃取物不會讓懷孕小鼠產下畸型胎兒。在急性毒性試驗顯示,水萃取物和毛蕊花糖苷的半數致死劑量都在5公克/公斤體重以上,持續21天的攝取則沒有發現明顯中毒現象#33-34。攝取高劑量的檸檬馬鞭草可能發生胃刺激#5。使用含高濃度檸檬醛的精油可能產生光敏性#35,建議皮膚外用時最高濃度不超過0.9%#36且最好避免陽光直射#37

 

芳療功效】

 

檸檬馬鞭草精油非常稀有且昂貴,常會和便宜精油摻混,例如檸檬草#37。臨床芳香療法(Clinical Aromatherapy)書中描述#36皮膚外用或嗅聞檸檬馬鞭草精油有助於緩解慢性疼痛。另一本書(The aromatherapy book: applications and inhalations)表示#38擴香使用檸檬馬鞭草能改善氣色及幫助睡眠。

 

[momo] Amour 檸檬馬鞭草精油 10ml(100% pure essential oil 單方精油)

https://www1.oeya.com.tw/31YJc

[momo] 生活工場 Plants檸檬馬鞭草精油10ml

https://ibestfun.net/31YJl

[momo] 百翠氏 檸檬馬鞭草精油原精3% -10ml(氣味帶有檸檬香氣)

https://greenmall.info/31YJo

[森森] Shylina 萱琳娜100%檸檬馬鞭草純精油(10ML)

https://iorange.biz/31YJz

 

【料理應用】

 

檸檬馬鞭草原生在中南美洲17世紀時被西班牙探險者帶回歐洲後廣受歡迎。在歐洲,檸檬馬鞭草常加入水果茶或沙拉調味,它的乾燥碎葉能為任何的水果沙拉增添風味,也會使用在魚湯、醃料、布丁、果醬、烘焙食品和甜點。它在料理過程中氣味不會走調,適合和水果、香草莢、家禽和海鮮料理搭配,帶強烈檸檬香氣,可取代檸檬皮,但不帶苦味,喜愛檸檬香氣的人對它會很著迷。檸檬馬鞭草常製成香草茶或飲料,和薄荷搭配更是經典,不過因葉子很硬,最好在喝前除去。初生的嫩葉則可炒來吃,或是作為沙拉素材。#39-42

 

 

參考文獻:

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(2)https://wimastergardener.org/article/lemon-scented-plants/

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(4)Moein M., Mohammad M., Zarshenas M.M and Etemadfard H. (2014). Essential oil composition and total flavonoid content of Aloysia citriodora under different cultivation systems. International Journal of Plant, Animal and Environmental Science, (4): 353-358.

(5)Roodabeh Bahramsoltani, Pourouchista Rostamiasrabadi, Zahra Shahpiri, André M. Marques, Roja Rahimi, Mohammad Hosein Farzaei. (2018) Aloysia citrodora Paláu (Lemon verbena): A review of phytochemistry and pharmacology. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 222, 34-51.

(6)Funes, L., Fernández-Arroyo, S., Laporta, O., Pons, A., Roche, E., Segura-Carretero, A., Fernández-Gutierrez, A., Micol, V., 2009. Correlation between plasma antioxidant capacity and verbascoside levels in rats after oral administration of lemon verbena extract. Food Chem. 117, 589–598.

(7)Quirantes-Pine, R., Herranz-Lopez, M., Funes, L., Borras-Linares, I., Micol, V., Segura-Carretero, A., Fernandez-Gutierrez, A., 2013. Phenylpropanoids and their metabolites are the major compounds responsible for blood-cell protection against oxidative stress after administration of Lippia citriodora in rats. Phytomedicine 20, 1112–1118.

(8)Portmann, E., Nigro, M.M., Reides, C.G., Llesuy, S., Ricco, R.A., Wagner, M.L., gurni, A.A., Carballo, M.A., 2012. Aqueous extracts of Lippia turbinata and Aloysia citriodora (Verbenaceae): assessment of antioxidant capacity and DNA damage. Int. J. Toxicol. 31, 192–202.

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(11)Malekirad, A.A., Hosseini, N., Bayrami, M., hashemi, T., Rahzani, K., Abdollahi, M., 2011. Benefit of lemon verbena in healthy subjects; targeting diseases associated with oxidative stress. Asian J. Anim. Vet. Adv. 6, 953–957.

(12)Oukerrou, M.A., Tilaoui, M., Mouse, H.A., Leouifoudi, I., Jaafari, A., Zyad, A., 2017. Chemical composition and cytotoxic and antibacterial activities of the essential oil of aloysia citriodora palau grown in Morocco. Adv. Pharmacol. Sci. 2017, 7801924.

(13)Mirzaie, A., Shandiz, S.A.S., Noorbazargan, H., Asgary, E.A., 2016. Evaluation of chemical composition, antioxidant, antibacterial, cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of Aloysia citrodora extract on colon cancer cell line. Tehran Univ. Med. J. 74, 168–176.

(14)Shafiee, F., Moghadamnia, A.A., Shahandeh, Z., Sadighian, F., Khodadadi, E., 2016. Evaluation of the antibacterial effects of aqueous and ethanolic leaf extracts of Aloysia Citriodora (Lemon verbena) on Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus. Electron. Physician 8, 3363–3368.

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(16)Gonzalez-Audino, P., Picollo, M.I., Gallardo, A., Toloza, A., Vassena, C., Mougabure-Cueto, G., 2011. Comparative toxicity of oxygenated monoterpenoids in experimental hydroalcoholic lotions to permethrin-resistant adult head lice. Arch. Dermatol. Res. 303, 361–366.

(17)Abuhamdah, S., Abuhamdah, R., Howes, M.J.R., Al-Olimat, S., Ennaceur, A., Chazot, P.L., 2015. Pharmacological and neuroprotective profile of an essential oil derived from leaves of Aloysia citrodora Palau. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 67, 1306–1315.

(18)Dos Santos, A.C., Junior, G.B., Zago, D.C., Zeppenfeld, C.C., Da Silva, D.T., Heinzmann, B.M., Baldisserotto, B., Da Cunha, M.A., 2017. Anesthesia and anesthetic action mechanism of essential oils of Aloysia triphylla and Cymbopogon flexuosus in silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen). Vet. Anaesth. Analg. 44 (1), 106–113.

(19)Daniel, A.P., Veeck, A.P., Klein, B., Ferreira, L.F., Da Cunha, M.A., Parodi, T.V., Zeppenfeld, C.C., Schmidt, D., Caron, B.O., Heinzmann, B.M., Baldisserotto, B., Emanuelli, T., 2014. Using the essential oil of Aloysia triphylla (L'Her.) Britton to sedate silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) during transport improved the chemical and sensory qualities of the fish during storage in ice. J. Food Sci. 79, S1205–S1211.

(20)Parodi, T.V., Cunha, M.A., Becker, A.G., Zeppenfeld, C.C., Martins, D.I., Koakoski, G., Barcellos, L.G., Heinzmann, B.M., Baldisserotto, B., 2013. Anesthetic activity of the essential oil of Aloysia triphylla and effectiveness in reducing stress during transport of albino and gray strains of silver catfish, Rhamdia quelen. Fish Physiol. Biochem. 40, 323–334.

(21)Veisi, M., Shahidi, S., Komaki, A., Sarihi, A., 2015. Assessment of aqueous extract of Lemon verbena on anxiety.like behavior in rats. J. Pharm. Negat. Results 6, 37–39.

(22)Jimenez-Ferrer, E., Santillán-Urquiza, M.A., Alegría-Herrera, E., Zamilpa, A., Noguerón-Merino, C., Tortoriello, J., Navarro-García, V., Aviles-Flores, M., Fuentes-Mata, M., Herrera-Ruiz, M., 2017. Anxiolytic effect of fatty acids and terpenes fraction from Aloysia triphylla: serotoninergic, GABAergic and glutamatergic implications. Biomed. Pharmacother. 96, 320–327.

(23)Rashidian, A., Farhang, F., Vahedi, H., Dehpour, A.R., Ejtemai Mehr, S., Mehrzadi, S., Rezayat, S.M., 2016. Anticonvulsant effects of lippia citriodora (Verbenaceae) leaves ethanolic extract in mice: role of GABAergic system. Int. J. Prev. Med. 7, 97.

(24)Ragone, M.I., Sella, M., Conforti, P., Volonte, M.G., Consolini, A.E., 2007. The spasmolytic effect of Aloysia citriodora, Palau (South American cedrón) is partially due to its vitexin but not isovitexin on rat duodenums. J. Ethnopharmacol. 113, 258–266.

(25)Calzada, F., Arista, R., Perez, H., 2010. Effect of plants used in Mexico to treat gastrointestinal disorders on charcoal-gum acacia-induced hyperperistalsis in rats. J. Ethnopharmacol. 128, 49–51.

(26)Lenoir, L., Joubert-Zakeyh, J., Texier, O., Lamaison, J.L., Vasson, M.P., Felgines, C., 2012. Aloysia triphylla infusion protects rats against dextran sulfate sodium-induced colonic damage. J. Sci. Food Agric. 92, 1570–1572.

(27)Ponce-Monter, H., Fernández-Martínez, E., Ortiz, M.I., Ramírez-Montiel, M.L., Cruz-Elizalde, D., Perez-Hernández, N., Cariño-Cortes, R., 2010. Spasmolytic and anti-inflammatory effects of Aloysia triphylla and citral, in vitro and in vivo studies. J. Smooth Muscle Res. 46, 309–319.

(28)Amin, B., Poureshagh, E., Hosseinzadeh, H., 2016. The effect of verbascoside in neuropathic pain induced by chronic constriction injury in rats. Phytother. Res. 30, 128–135.

(29)Isacchi, B., Iacopi, R., Bergonzi, M.C., Ghelardini, C., Galeotti, N., Norcini, M., Vivoli, E., Vincieri, F.F., Bilia, A.R., 2011. Antihyperalgesic activity of verbascoside in two models of neuropathic pain. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 63, 594–601 (Integrated taxonomic information system. http://www.itis.gov )(Accessed October 2017).

(30)Mauriz, E., Vallejo, D., Tuñón, M.J., Rodriguez-López, J.M., Rodríguez-Perez, R., Sanz-Gómez, J., García-Fernández, M.C., 2015. Effects of dietary supplementation with lemon verbena extracts on serum inflammatory markers of multiple sclerosis patients. Nutr. Hosp. 31, 764–771.

(31)Campo, G., Pavasini, R., Biscaglia, S., Ferri, A., Andrenacci, E., Tebaldi, M., Ferrari, R., 2015. Platelet aggregation values in patients with cardiovascular risk factors are reduced by verbascoside treatment. A randomized study. Pharmacol. Res. 97, 1–6.

(32)Oskouei Shirvan, Z., Etemad, L., Zafari, R., Moallem, S.A., Vahdati-Mashhadian, N., Hosseinzadeh, H., 2016. Teratogenic effect of Lippia citriodora leaves aqueous extract in mice. Avicenna. J. Phytomed. 6 (2), 175–180.

(33)Etemad, L., Zafari, R., Vahdati-Mashhadian, N., Adel Moallem, S., Shirvan, Z.O., Hosseinzadeh, H., 2015. Acute, sub-acute and cell toxicity of verbascoside. Res. J. Med. Plant. 9 (7), 354–360.

(34)Etemad, L., Shirvan, Z.O., Vahdati-Mashhadian, N., Moallem, S.A., Zafari, R., Hosseinzadeh, H., 2016. Acute, subacute, and cell toxicity of the aqueous extract of Lippia citriodora. Jundishapur. J. Nat. Pharm. Prod. 11 (3)

(35)https://articles.mercola.com/herbal-oils/lemon-verbena-oil.aspx

(36)Jane Buckle, PhD, RN, Clinical Aromatherapy: Essential Oils in Healthcare (Third Edition. United Kingdom: Churchill Livingstone Elsevier, 2015)

(37)Schiller, Carol and Schiller, David (2008). The Aromatherapy Encyclopedia a Concise Guide to over 385 Plant Oils, Laguna Beach, CA: Basic Health Publications Inc.

(38)Rose, Jeanne. The Aromatherapy Book: Applications & Inhalations. Berkeley, CA: North Atlantic Books, 3rd. ed., 1994.

(39)http://theepicentre.com/spice/lemon-verbena/

(40)https://herbs-herbal-supplements.knoji.com/herbs-lemon-verbena-history-culinary-uses-and-nutrition/

(41)HERBS a Culinary Guide. Kent A. Leonhardt,. Commissioner of Agriculture www.agriculture.wv.gov

(42)Ingride Rita, Carla Pereira, Lillian Barros, Celestino Santos-Buelga, Isabel C.F.R. Ferreira. Exploring reserve lots of Cymbopogon citratus, Aloysia citriodora and Thymus × citriodorus as improved sources of phenolic compounds. Food Chemistry, 2018, 257, 83-89.

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