香蜂草(Lemon Balm，Melissa officinalis)
唇形科(Lamiaceae)蜜蜂花或山薄荷屬(Melissa)
學名：Melissa officinalis
中文名：(檸檬)香蜂草
圖1：(檸檬)香蜂草(Melissa officinalis)#1
【生理活性】
多數香蜂草精油的主成分有反式檸檬醛(geranial)、順式檸檬醛(neral)、香茅醛(citronellal)和香葉醇(geraniol)#2。塞爾維亞的整株香蜂草精油成分含23.4%反式檸檬醛、16.5% 順式檸檬醛和13.7% 香茅醛#3。法國的香蜂草葉精油有48%檸檬醛(順反式混合)和40%香茅醛#4。希臘的香蜂草葉精油主要是大根香葉烯 (germacreneD，34.79–51.50%)、香檜烯(sabinene，0.91–14.68%)、β-石竹烯(β-caryophyllene，7.27–12.66%)和 β-蒎烯(β-pinene，0.53–8.03%)#5。紐西蘭香蜂草葉精油以β-蓽澄茄油烯(β-cubebene，39%)和異松油烯(terpinolene，9.6%)為主成分#6。這些精油的成分組成都會因氣候、季節、地理環境、收成時間和製程等原因而有程度不等的差異#7。
民俗療法
香蜂草入菜和作為草藥已有2000年以上的歷史，古羅馬時期即有治療蠍子螫傷、蜘蛛咬傷、腸道潰瘍、痢疾、關節炎和牙痛的歷史，在中世紀時還會用於孕吐、止血和禿頭的治療。15世紀到17世紀間，多本書籍紀載，香蜂草可增進記憶、延年益壽、減少憂鬱、重獲年輕、預防禿頭和改善高血壓。1984年，德國草藥委員會(German Commission E)出版的德國草藥專論(The Commission E Monographs)開始納入香蜂草。其他國家地區例如：伊朗、英國和歐洲，也將香蜂草列入藥典或草藥典(Herbal Pharmacopeia)。#8
丹麥人會使用香蜂草治療傷心、憂慮造成的失眠；在奧地利，香蜂草茶或精油外用在腸胃、神經、肝膽疾病的治療；古時候的西班牙醫生則將香蜂草視為興奮劑、解毒劑、止痛和通經藥；在摩洛哥，香蜂草常用在鎮靜、抗痙攣和強心等用途；香蜂草在伊朗是重要的傳統草藥，可用在失落、憂慮、著迷(obsession)和神經方面的治療。印度的阿育吠陀(Ayurveda)醫學認為香蜂草能幫助記憶#9。據說口服小蘇打和香蜂草葉是磨菇中毒的偏方，能緩和腸胃潰瘍、絞痛或心悸；香蜂草葉和食鹽混合的敷料可治瘰癧(scrofula)、腫脹、潰瘍、關節痛和牙疼。#8
抗氧化
多篇體外或動物研究皆證明香蜂草萃取物和精油具有抗氧化力#3, 10-16。Dastmalchi研究指出#17，香蜂草酒水萃取物在多種抗氧化檢測中展現抗氧化力，其表現優於沒食子酸(gallic acid)和咖啡因酸(caffeic acid)等抗氧化物，且和常見抗氧化劑BHT(Butylated hydroxyanisole)的抗氧化能力相似。
抗菌
香蜂草精油抑制大腸桿菌和會引起食物中毒的宋內氏志賀菌(Shigella sonei)效果非常好#3，也能有效抑制白色念珠菌#18。多種有機溶劑萃取的香蜂草萃取物#11，實驗證明能抑制藤黃八疊球菌(Sarcina lutea)、金黃色葡萄球菌和仙人掌桿菌(Bacillus cereus)的生長。香蜂草水煮液對綠膿桿菌、 腸道沙門氏菌(Salmonella typhimurium)和繩狀青黴菌(Penicillium funiculo)也有抗菌效果#12。
抗糖尿病、降血糖
患第二型糖尿病的小鼠在口服香蜂草精油6周後，能有效降血糖、提高葡萄糖耐受力 (glucose tolerance)和增加血液中胰島素濃度，有益糖尿病的改善#19。
抗病毒
細胞實驗指出#20，香蜂草精油能有效抑制第二類型單純皰疹病毒(Herpes simplex virus type 2，HSV-2)的複製，不過需在濃度100 μg/ml才會開始展現功效。另一項細胞實驗則顯示#21，精油對第二類型和第一類型(HSV-1)的單純皰疹病毒都能有效抑制，濃度只要0.00008% (HSV-2) – 0.0004% (HSV-1)即有抑制50%效果。
1994年發表的一篇包含115位感染單純皰疹病毒患者的多中心臨床研究(Multicenter Study)#22-23，實驗組使用含1%香蜂草水萃取物的藥膏，對照組則不含萃取物，其他成分相同，經15天治療，結果有67人有改善，實驗組有24人痊癒，對照組有15人，且實驗組痊癒速度優於對照組，證明不含香蜂草的藥膏也能對抗病毒，但香蜂草可提升藥效。
抗癌
多個細胞實驗證明#24，香蜂草精油能有效殺死人類癌細胞，包含肺癌(A549)、乳癌(MCF-7)、大腸癌(Caco‐2)和血癌(HL-60和K562)，還有小鼠的黑色素瘤細胞(B16F10)也有效。不過，半數致死劑量若大於100 微克/毫升，則很難期待能在體內發揮療效#8。高濃度的香蜂草萃取物注射在小鼠腹部有抑制基因毒性和突變性的功效#25。
抗焦慮
皮質酮升高和壓力有相關性，小鼠吃含有香蜂草和紫冠西番蓮(Passiflora caerulea)水萃取物的食物能減少血液中皮質酮濃度#26。18位健康志願者參與的臨床試驗指出，口服600毫克的香蜂草甲醇萃取物後感覺能幫助心情平靜，並減少防備心#27。20位有輕度或中度焦慮或失眠的患者，每日早晚口服專利藥 Cyracos®(香蜂草葉酒水萃取物，內含7%以上迷迭香酸和15%以上酚酸衍生物)300毫克，合計600毫克，持續15天，結果可改善焦慮行為和感受，治療失眠的狀況更為明顯，20位都有達到效果，其中17位大幅改善#28。
保護神經、改善神經性疾病
大鼠的神經細胞實驗顯示，香蜂草甲醇和水萃取物能減少過氧化物導致的損傷，且甲醇萃取物效果優於水萃物#14。在海馬迴的細胞實驗，當香蜂草葉水萃取物、毒化物和海馬迴細胞共同培養時，濃度10 μg/ml的萃取物可減少毒化物產生的毒性約20%#29。香蜂草精油在體外和大鼠實驗都證明能保護神經細胞，除了減少因毒化物造成的細胞死亡，也抑制氧化反應，使氧化物濃度下降#10。香蜂草含有的迷迭香酸成分，在人類神經細胞實驗，也有維持神經細胞完整、減少因化學物質造成細胞毒性的功效#30。
42位有輕度到中度阿茲海默症患者參與的實驗，經16周每日口服60滴香蜂草酒水萃取物(每毫升含500微克以上檸檬醛)，結果證明能減少躁動，並改善認知和行為能力#31。
抗癲癇
口服過香蜂草整株甲醇或水萃取物的小鼠，經藥物或電流引起癲癇後，能有效減少抽慉、陣攣等發作反應，其中以甲醇萃取物對電引起的癲癇效果最佳，約可達藥物90%#32。另一項大鼠施以藥物引發癲癇的實驗#33，腹腔注射香蜂草酒水萃取物的大鼠，可有效延遲開始發作時間，並減少發作持續時間。
減少嬰兒不明原因的哭
一項88位嬰兒完成的臨床試驗#34 ，實驗組使用含德國洋甘菊(Matricariae recutita)、茴香(Foeniculum vulgare)和香蜂草的混合萃取物(產品：ColiMil)，對照組為安慰劑，每日2次為期一周的實驗顯示，實驗組嬰兒從每日平均200分鐘的哭泣時間減少到79分鐘，對照組從199到170分鐘，而且實驗組有85.4%嬰兒哭泣時間減少，對照組僅48.9%。另外，實驗期間未觀察到任何副作用。
可能風險
1天吃下含有500毫克迷迭香酸的香蜂草萃取物對人無害#35。另一臨床，人吃下80毫克的香蜂草萃取物也無害#36。可是有些研究有見到副作用，例如食慾增加#37、頭痛、腦電圖(EEG，electroencephalographic)不正常(1200毫克劑量)、注意力降低(900毫克劑量)、眼壓升高、心悸和抑制甲狀腺素#8, 38。建議在未有更新證據之前，最好避免長期的高劑量使用。
精油皮膚外用時，可能有發紅、發炎、灼熱感、色素殘留和刺激等副作用#38，建議皮膚外用時最高濃度不超過0.9%#23。
【芳療功效】
真正的香蜂草精油很稀少，因為它們常會添加其它精油或化合物，例如檸檬草或檸檬醛#23，加上產率低，所以昂貴又稀有#39-40。吸嗅香蜂草可能可以減少惡夢#8。72位重度失智症(dementia)患者參與的臨床實驗#41，含10%香蜂草精油的乳液使用在實驗組臉部和雙臂每日2次持續4周，每次塗擦時皆短暫按摩，每日使用劑量總計約200毫克精油，對照組為葵花油，結果實驗組患者有效減少躁動行為，且生活品質明顯改善。
[momo] STYX 詩蒂克 香蜂草精油10ml(100%單方精油)
[momo] Amour 香蜂草精油 5ml(100% pure essential oil 單方精油)
【料理應用】
傳統香腸富含油脂、飽和脂肪和膽固醇，易增加罹患心血管疾病或慢性病風險。健康取向的香腸，其配方含高ω-3不飽和脂肪酸，能減少動脈粥狀硬化或血栓形成，但ω-3不飽和脂肪酸易氧化，需添加合成或天然抗氧化劑穩定油脂。香蜂草的酒水或水萃取物可有效抑制發酵香腸、未發酵香腸的油脂氧化、增加抗氧化力，且調味不影響喜好接受度，研究甚至指添加香蜂草酒水萃取物的熟香腸存放在冰箱(4℃)32天都能不氧化#42-44。其他研究顯示香蜂草萃取物使用在魚排#45、牛肉排#46和熟豬肉#47也都有抑制油脂氧化、延長保存時間或改善品質的效果，無論是烹調前後，或料理過程中。
香蜂草分量輕盈，味道清淡溫和，除可加進肉類料理當天然抗氧化劑，和杏桃、漿果、蘆筍、薄荷、巴西里或其他水果、沙拉等也很適合。
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