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玫瑰天竺葵(Rose GeraniumPelargonium graveolens)

 

牻牛兒苗科(Geraniaceae)天竺葵屬(Pelargonium)

學名:Pelargonium graveolens

中文名:玫瑰天竺葵

H玫瑰天竺葵.jpg

1玫瑰天竺葵(Pelargonium graveolens)#1

 

【生理活性】

 

玫瑰天竺葵葉子有強烈玫瑰味#2,根據Sayed A. Fayed研究#3,在整株的玫瑰天竺葵精油檢測出32種成分,主要成分有香茅醇 (citronellol29.90%)、反式香葉醇(trans -geraniol18.03%)10--γ-桉葉醇(10-epi-γ-eudesmol8.27%)、異薄荷酮(isomenthone5.44%)、芳樟醇(linalool5.13%)、乙酸香葉酯 (geranyl acetate4.52%)γ-杜松烯 (γ-Cadinene2.89%)、丁酸香葉酯 (Geranyl butyrate2.53%)、惕各酸香葉酯(Geranyl tiglate2.50%)和大根香葉烯(germacrene D2.05%)

 

民俗療法

 

天竺葵屬植物原生在非洲南邊,17世紀時傳入歐洲,目前產地以中國和中東為主,尤其是埃及和摩洛哥。人們使用根莖或全株治療瘧疾、肚子或子宮的不適。另外會用煎煮液擦發燒的病人,並搭配咀嚼玫瑰天竺葵,像吃口香糖一樣,或是把玫瑰天竺葵粉末混入食物中吃。它的根煎煮液或浸泡液也會使用在治療腸胃問題和呼吸道感染的治療,地上部分(aerial parts,除根以外)則可用在傷口癒合。#4

 

抗氧化

 

2012年一篇刊載於食品管制(Food Control)期刊的研究指出#5-6,玫瑰天竺葵莖部精油的抗氧化力優於葉子部位,而莖和葉來源的純露在抗氧化力檢測表現上,優於百里酚抗氧化物。

 

抗菌

 

多項研究描述玫瑰天竺葵的抗細菌性,其精油對大腸桿菌、普通變形桿菌、產氣腸桿菌(E. aerogenes)、金黃色葡萄球菌、糞腸球菌(E. faecalis)、枯草桿菌和表皮葡萄球菌(S. epiedermis)有效,但對綠膿桿菌和克雷伯氏肺炎菌(K. pneumonia)無效#7-8。另一研究則顯示對腸道沙門氏菌(Salmonella enteritidis)、金黃色葡萄球菌、綠膿桿菌和枯草桿菌有效,但對李斯特菌(L. monocotyogenes)和大腸桿菌無效,其中抑制金黃色葡萄球菌的能力最好#9

 

精油抑制真菌的能力更甚細菌,尤其抑制熱帶念珠菌(C. tropicalis)和白色念珠菌(C. albicans)的效果最好#7, 10-13。汗斑(Pityriasis versicolor)主要是由馬拉色菌屬(Malasezia)真菌所感染,有研究探討玫瑰天竺葵精油對3種馬拉色菌屬真菌(秕糠馬拉癬菌 Malassezia furfur、球型馬拉色菌Malassezia globosa和鈍形馬拉色菌Malassezia obtusa)的抑制力,結果發現都能明顯抑制,且對鈍形馬拉色菌最有用#14-15。另有實驗指出#16,玫瑰天竺葵的乙酸乙酯萃取物可有效抑制鐮孢菌屬(Fusarium)真菌,在麴菌屬(Aspergillus)的效果更好,而己烷萃取物則未表現出抗真菌力。

 

抗糖尿病

 

根據糖尿病大鼠的研究#17,口服劑量150毫克/公斤體重的玫瑰天竺葵葉精油持續1個月後可顯著降低血糖,肝腎的氧化損傷也明顯變小。

 

反轉生育毒性

 

玫瑰天竺葵精油可反轉雄性小鼠因溴氰菊酯(Deltamethrin)毒素所造成的生育毒性和氧化反應,每日口服67毫克/公斤體重的劑量持續35天,除了能改善精液品質,增加精子活動力和存活數,也展現抗氧化力#18

 

抗癌

 

在人的血癌細胞實驗#3,玫瑰天竺葵精油表現它潛在的抗癌細胞能力,濃度200µg/ml時可以殺死約79%的癌細胞。

 

抗發炎

 

在大鼠足蹠的發炎浮腫實驗#19,劑量0.4毫克/公斤體重的玫瑰天竺葵精油顯示有抗發炎功效。

 

改善高血壓和減少壓力

 

每日口服0.45毫升的玫瑰天竺葵精油連續2個月,結果15位高血壓患者中14位有改善效果,9位因壓力產生不適的患者,8位有改善效果#19

 

 

芳療功效】

 

摻混的玫瑰精油常會選擇加玫瑰天竺葵調合。精油安全(Essential oil safety)一書作者Tisserand歸納可幫助睡眠的精油有薰衣草、甜馬鬱蘭、柑橘、小豆蔻和玫瑰天竺葵#202013年一項日本臨床研究指出#20-2111位年長的住院患者,使用玫瑰天竺葵和胡椒薄荷(Mentha piperita)以及荷荷芭油調合的按摩油(2%),每周25分鐘的按摩治療合計8次,結果顯示在問卷評比中能有效減輕心理壓力。

 

5名患有輕度憂鬱症的患者接受芳療#22,治療使用含甜橙 (sweet orange)、玫瑰天竺葵和羅勒精油的按摩油,每周2次持續30分鐘按摩連續4周,實驗結束後經評量發現能明顯改善憂鬱狀態。

 

43位安寧病房患者參與的臨床研究#2322位實驗組患者使用含有薰衣草、茶樹、薄荷和玫瑰天竺葵的精油做口腔護理,每天2次為期一周,結果患者口腔狀態和舒適度都明顯改善,白色念珠菌(Candida albicans)數也降低。

 

外用100%的玫瑰天竺葵精油能明顯減少帶狀皰疹後神經痛(postherpetci neuralgia pain),具有止痛功效#24 。使用含有快樂鼠尾草、甜馬鬱蘭、肉桂、薑和天竺葵(geranium)精油的按摩油 (1 : 1 : 0.5 : 1.5 : 1.5),甜杏仁油為基底,5%精油濃度)按摩腹部10分鐘,24小時後可明顯減少經痛,不過作者也強調,由於對照組未施以按摩或精油,所以減痛效果可能來自按摩+精油,也可能僅來自按摩或精油其一#25

 

參考臨床芳香療法(Clinical Aromatherapy: Essential Oils in Healthcare, 3e)一書作者 Jane Buckle未公開的研究#20,玫瑰天竺葵精油有改善靜脈曲張、皺紋和分娩疼痛的功效。在改善皺紋的實驗#20,使用內含乳香(frankincense)、薰衣草、沒藥和玫瑰天竺葵精油(5%精油濃度,荷荷芭油為基底)的按摩油每天早晚按摩連續30天,結果10位實驗組全都覺得皺紋改善,僅用荷荷芭油的對照組只有3位認為有改善。

 

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[momo] Body Temple 玫瑰天竺葵芳療精油30ml(Rose Geranium)

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[momo] MOUSSENATURE 沐時光 玫瑰天竺葵精油(單方精油 ROSE GERANIUM ESSENTIAL OIL)

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【料理應用】

 

玫瑰天竺葵應用在食物料理上通常是為了它的玫瑰香氣#6,主要使用葉子部分,因富含精油,有濃烈玫瑰香,可加在冰茶、蛋糕、甜點、冰淇淋、調酒、果醬和烘焙食品等增添層次。食品業習慣使用精油當作產品調味劑,添加在烘焙品、果凍、布丁、糖果、冰淇淋、酒精或非酒精性飲料等加工食品。另也可製成玫瑰味的調味糖、糖漿、起司、卡士達、水果酒和幕斯。#26

 

 

參考文獻:

(1)Lalli J. Y. (2005). In vitro pharmacological properties and composition of leaf essential oils and extracts of selected indigenous Pelargonium (Geraniaceae) species. PhD Thesis, Faculty of Health Sciences. University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg.

(2)Peterson A, Machmudah S, Roy BC, Goto M, Sasaki M, Hirose T. Extraction of essential oil from geranium (Pelargonium graveolens) with supercritical carbon dioxide. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology 2006; 81(2):167-172.

(3)Fayed SA, Antioxidant and Anticancer Activities of Citrus reticulate (Petitgrain Mandarin) and Pelargonium graveolens (Geranium) essential oils, Res J Agric Biol Sci, 5(5) (2009) 740-747.

(4)Asgarpanah J, Ramezanloo F (2015) An overview of Phytopharmacology of Pelargonium graveolens L. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge 14: 558-563.

(5)Hamidpour, R.; Hamidpour, S.; Hamidpour, M.; Marshall, V.; Hamidpour, R. Pelargonium graveolens (Rose Geranium)—A novel therapeutic agent for antibacterial, antioxidant, antifungal and diabetics. Arch. Can. Res. 2017, 5.

(6)Ćavar S, Maksimović M (2011) Antioxidant activity of essential oil and aqueous extract of Pelargonium graveolens L’Her. Food Control, 23: 263-267.

(7)Boukhatem MN, Kameli A, Saidi F (2013) Essential oil of Algerian rose-scented geranium (Pelargonium graveolens): Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity against food spoilage pathogens. Food Control 34: 208-213.

(8)Lalli JY, Van Zyl RL, Van Vuuren SF (2007) In vitro biological activities of South African Pelargonium (Geraniaceae) species. South African Journal of Botany 74: 153-157.

(9)Ghannadi A, Bagherinejad MR, Abedi D (2012) Antibacterial activity and composition of essential oils from Pelargonium graveolens L’Her and Vitex agnus-castus L. Iranian Journal of Microbiology 4: 171-176.

(10)Seidel V, Taylor P (2004) In vitro activity of extracts and constituents of Pelargnoium against rapidly growing mycobacteria. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 23: 613-619.

(11)Mahboobi M, Feizabad MM, Safara M (2008) Antifungal activity of essential oils from Zataria multifora, Rosmarinus officinalis, Lavandula stoechos, Artemisia sieberi and Pelargonium graveolens against clinical isolates of Candida albicans. Pharmacognosy Magazine 4: 15-18.

(12)Hassane SO, Ghanmi M, Satrani B, Mansouri N, Mohamed H, et al. (2011) Composition chimique et activites antibacteriennes, antifongigues et antioxydante de I'huile essentielle de Pelargonium asperum Ehrh. exWilde des Comores. Acta Botanica Gallica 158: 225-237.

(13)Dzamic AM, Sokovic MD, Ristic MS, Grujic SM, Mileski KS, et al. (2014) Chemical composition, antifungal and antioxidant activity of Pelargonium graveolens essential oil. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science 4: 1-5.

(14)Naeini AR, Nazeria M, Shokri H (2011) Antifungal activity of Zataria multiflora, Pelargnoium graveolens and Cuminum cyminum essential oils towards three species of Malassezia isolated from patients with pityriasis versicolor. Journal of Medical Mycology 21: 87-91.

(15)LIS-Balchin M, Steyrl H, Krenn E (2003) The comparative effect of novel Pelargnoium essential oils and their corresponding hydrosols as antimicrobial agents in a model food system. Phytotherapy Reaseach 17: 60-65.

(16)Hsouna AB, Hamdi N (2012) Phytochemical composition and antimicrobial activities of the essential oils and organic extracts from Pelargonium graveolens growing in Tunisia. Lipids in Health and Disease.

(17)Boukhris M, Bouaziz M, Feki I (2012) Hypoglycemic and antioxidant effects of leaf essential oil of Pelargonium graveolens L’Her. in alloxan induced diabetic rats. Lipids in Health and Disease.

(18)Slima AB, Ali MB, Barkallah M (2013) Antioxidant properties of Pelargonium graveolens L’Her. essential oil on the reproductive damage induced by deltamethrin in mice as compared to alphatocopherol. Lipids in Health and Disease.

(19)Rajeswara Rao, B.R.. (2013). Biological and pharmacological activities of rose-scented geranium or rose-geranium.. 407-422.

(20)Jane Buckle, PhD, RN, Clinical Aromatherapy: Essential Oils in Healthcare (Third Edition. United Kingdom: Churchill Livingstone Elsevier, 2015)

(21)Satou T, Chikama M, Chikama Y, Hachigo M, Urayama H et al. 2013. Effect of aromatherapy massage on elderly patients under long-term hospitalization in Japan. J Altern Complement Med. 19(3):235–7.

(22)Okamoto A, Kuriyama H, Watanabe S, Aihara Y, Tadai T, et al. (2005) The effect of aromatherapy massage on mild depression: a pilot study. Psychiatry ClinNeurosci 59: 363.

(23)Kang HY, Na SS, Kim YK. Effects of oral care with essential oil on improvement in oral health status of hospice patients. J Korean Acad Nurs 2010;40(4):473–481.

(24)Greenway FL, et al. (Nov 2003). Temporary relief of postherpetic neuralgia pain with topical geranium oil. Am J Med, 115(7), 586-587.

(25)Hur MH, Lee MS, Seong KY, Lee MK. Aromatherapy massage on abdominal for alleviating menstrual pain in high school girls: a preliminary controlled clinical study. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2012; 2012:187163.

(26)Herb Society of America (2006) Pelargoniums: An Herb Society of America Guide. Kirtland, Ohio.

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