pancakes的部落格

廣藿香(Patchouli，Pogostemon cablin)

唇形科(Lamiaceae)刺蕊草屬(Pogostemon)

學名：Pogostemon cablin

圖：廣藿香(Pogostemon cablin)[1]

原生菲律賓，遍布東南亞[2]。擁有獨特木質調香氣，氣味芬芳藏辛，如糖漬草本、木浴果醋，約19世紀中葉進入歐洲市場後，廣受歡迎[3]。廣藿香精油全球產值約7500萬美元，每年1200-1300公噸產能中，印尼貢獻了90% [3]。

【生理活性】

乾燥廣藿香葉的精油萃取率約0.54-5.2%，若以生鮮葉片計算則可能約0.3% [3]。乾燥或輕微的發酵有助於葉片精油釋放，經此過程蒸餾得到的精油可比生鮮葉片多2.5倍[4-6]。

廣藿香精油的摻假史悠久綿長，19世紀就會摻混較便宜的爪哇廣藿香。曾有紀錄在蒸餾前即會混合一同蒸餾的植物有疏柔毛羅勒(Ocimum basilicum var. pilosum)、波狀野棉花(Urena lobata var. sinuate)、香苦茶(Hyptis suaveolens)、Plectranthus fruticosus、剛毛花葵(Lavatera Olbia)、海恩氏刺蕊草(Pogostemon heyneanus)、冠唇花(Microtoena insuavis)，或是加水、加酒精去增重。摻混雪松、癒創木、樟腦、山雞椒、西印度檀香精油或古巴香脂會在製成精油後。有時也會偷加合成物，例如：塑化劑、二醇類，或是非揮發性油如植物油、礦物油等。到20世紀中葉以後，現代儀器有顯著進步，情況才漸改善。[3]

廣藿香不存在α-古芸烯(α‐Gurjunene)，卻常能在廣藿香精油發現，代表有被偷加古芸香脂或古巴香脂，α-古芸烯是古芸香脂的指標成分[3、7-9]。2017年還有一篇皮膚細胞的研究用到假油[3、10]。Clearwood™ 的生技廣藿香精油比行情價便宜25%，由基改的啤酒酵母菌(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)發酵蔗糖生產，雖然確實存在一些廣藿香指標成分，但缺少許多香氣分子，也出現天然廣藿香不會有的patchoulol ethyl ether，挑戰消費者心理[3]。

天然的廣藿香醇(patchoulol)是(-)‐(1R,3R,6S,7S,8S)‐patchoulol，是廣藿香主要香氣的來源，人工合成的(+)‐(1S,3S,6R,7R,8R)‐patchoulol相對極淡[11]，2者互為鏡像異構物，其他香氣的貢獻來自norpatchoulenol和nortetracyclopatchoulol [12-13]，以及一些微量或氧化成分。廣藿香越陳越香的特性明顯，因剛蒸餾的精油有刺鼻青草味，需交由時間揉合熟成，適時接觸空氣氧化有助於加速精油熟成[14]。

民俗療法

中醫傳統藥材，用於刺激食慾、緩解疲勞、止吐，以及濕邪、暑熱和發炎的治療，也是中藥保濟丸和藿香正氣水的成分[2、15-17]。治流感、發燒、腹痛、腹瀉、噁心、嘔吐、蟲咬、肝鬱(liver stagnation)和消化道疾病[18-19]。

抗發炎

預先給予β-天竺薄荷烯(β-patchoulene)的小鼠，之後分別在3種發炎實驗模型中，皆展現顯著的抗發炎功效，不僅能減少發炎因子產生，切片也顯示可有效改善細胞浸潤(cellular infiltration)，緩和發炎反應[15]。另一研究使用10-40 mg/kg的廣藿香醇，也可獲得相似效果[20]。

有別於儲存1年的精油，存放10年的廣藿香精油經反應會生成5.3% 天竺薄荷烯環氧化物(patchoulene epoxide)。胃內給藥10-40 mg/kg天竺薄荷烯環氧化物的小鼠連續7天後，再誘使其發炎，結果能有效調控促發炎和抗發炎因子，抑制發炎相關路徑，有效發揮抗發炎功效[2]。

抗瘧疾

泰國廣藿香地上部分酒精和水萃取物，分別在濃度24.49±0.01和549.30±0.07 mg/ml時能有效抑制50%被惡性瘧原蟲(Plasmodium falciparum)感染的紅血球。酒精萃取物濃度600 mg/kg時可抑制89%；治療藥—青嵩素(artesunate)在6 mg/kg能抑制96.69%[18]。

減少食慾和體重

90隻大鼠分組吸嗅精油茴香、廣藿香、佛手柑和控制組，每日2次每次10分鐘持續8周，結果吸嗅茴香和廣藿香的大鼠明顯能有效地降低食物吸收率。[21]

保肝、抑制脂肪堆積

含60隻公大鼠的研究表示在致重度酒精性肝炎前先餵食廣藿香精油200 或400 mg/kg持續7天，相較於酒精造成的肝損傷，400 mg/kg廣藿香精油可有效減少損害程度26.1-75.3%，效果優於水飛薊素。此外，廣藿香精油也能透過刺激表現單磷酸腺苷活化蛋白質酶(adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase，AMPK)、過氧化體增殖劑活化受體-α (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α，PPAR-α)、肉鹼棕櫚醯轉移酶1 (carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1，CPT-1)，以及抑制轉錄因子蛋白NF-κB p65 (nuclear factor-kappaB p65/ RelA)、固醇調節結合蛋白1 (sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1，SREBP-1c)、脂肪酸合成酶(fatty acid synthase，FAS)和硬脂醯基-輔酶A去飽和酶1 (stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1，SCD-1)的表現，進而加速脂肪代謝、減少脂肪累積，結果發現於劑量400 mg/kg時可減少酒精肝的三酸甘油酯74%。[19]

使用的精油含42%廣藿香醇、23.5%甘菊藍(azulene)、15.2% α-癒創木烯(α- guaiene)、4.5% α-天竺薄荷烯(α-patchoulene)和4.0% β-天竺薄荷烯。

減少酒精性胃潰瘍

誘發酒精性胃潰瘍前先給予廣藿香酮(pogostone) 10-40 mg/kg連續7天的大鼠，誘發後能有效減少潰瘍大小，胃黏膜的抗氧化酵素明顯增加，脂質氧化物濃度較低。對比控制組的平均潰瘍面積260.47 mm²，廣藿香酮劑量10、20和40 mg/kg的潰瘍面積分別為143.60、60.32和12.90 mm²[16]。

緩解腸躁症

廣藿香醇在半數有效濃度EC₅₀為41.9 μmol/L時，可有效抑制大鼠結腸平滑肌的自發性收縮，具有緩解腸躁症和改善腹瀉的潛力[22-23]。

可能風險

泰國廣藿香地上部分酒精萃取物於2000 mg/kg body weight劑量時對小鼠沒有毒性[18]。列入美國FDA的“公認安全物質”清單；也在歐洲化學品管理局(European Chemicals Agency)清單；中國正面表列可使用於化妝品原料。[3]

廣藿香醇的外用或口服安全劑量為50 mg/kg body weight/day，且沒有基因毒性和致突變性[24]。大鼠研究顯示持續90天口服一般成人日攝取量的100倍廣藿香精油，整體沒有明顯副作用[25]。小鼠實驗指出，天竺薄荷烯環氧化物的急性毒性LD₅₀超過10g/kg，有非常高的安全性[2]。

2002年1606位受試者參與的貼膚試驗指出，10%精油(基底：凡士林)約僅0.8%的人有皮膚不適[26]；另一相同條件的試驗，5539位中僅1% 53位有不良反應[27-28]。

【芳療功效】

9位22-25歲的健康女性自願者吸嗅廣藿香(Pogostemon patchouli PELLETIER. var. SNAVIS HOOK)精油3分鐘後，能顯著降低交感神經活性40%，有助於心血管疾病的調節[29]。

肥胖者血液中高濃度的瘦素蛋白能傳遞訊息給下視丘(hypothalamus)，告知大腦減少進食以及消耗熱量，當過程中環節出錯遭遇抵抗，即稱瘦素抗性(leptin resistance)[30-31]。12周高油飲食強制增肥的大鼠在這期間每天30分鐘吸嗅0.3%或1%廣藿香精油[32]，相較於僅高油飲食的控制組，吸嗅0.3%廣藿香精油能更有效降低食慾、減少瘦素抗性、抑制脂肪堆積、使體重上升趨緩。所有吸嗅廣藿香的大鼠，血液中好膽固醇上升、壞膽固醇下降、降低血壓，具有降低動脈粥狀硬化和心血管風險的潛力。

參考資料：

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(31)Nam, S. Y., Kratzsch, J., Wook Kim, K., Rae Kim, K., Lim, S. K., & Marcus, C. (2001). Cerebrospinal Fluid and Plasma Concentrations of Leptin, NPY, andα-MSH in Obese Women and Their Relationship to Negative Energy Balance. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 86(10), 4849-4853.

(32)Hong, S. J., Cho, J., Boo, C. G., Youn, M. Y., Pan, J. H., Kim, J. K., & Shin, E. C. (2020). Inhalation of Patchouli (Pogostemon Cablin Benth.) Essential Oil Improved Metabolic Parameters in Obesity-Induced Sprague Dawley Rats. Nutrients, 12(7), 2077.