羅馬洋甘菊(Roman chamomile,Chamaemelum nobile / Anthemis nobilis)
菊科(Asteraceae / Compositae)洋甘菊屬(Chamaemelum)
學名:Chamaemelum nobile / Anthemis nobilis
圖:羅馬洋甘菊(Chamaemelum nobile / Anthemis nobilis)
chamomile源自希臘文的Khamai和melon,分別代表地上和蘋果。英文俗名chamomile可以是指德國洋甘菊、羅馬洋甘菊、杭菊(Chrysanthemum morifolium)、田春黃菊(Anthemis arvensis)和春黃菊(Anthemis tinctoria)。德國和羅馬洋甘菊的藥用史已逾千年,能追溯至古埃及、希臘和羅馬時期,原生長於東歐和南歐。[1-3]
【生理活性】
根據歐洲藥典標準,洋甘菊花需至少含0.4%精油和0.25%的芹菜素-7-葡萄糖苷(apigenin-7-glucoside),實際上精油含量也普遍在0.4-2.0%之間[1]。羅馬洋甘菊活性成分有萜類的沒藥醇(bisabolol)和天藍烴(chamazulene);類黃酮的木犀草素(luteolin)、芹菜素(apigenin)、槲皮素(quercetin);香豆素(coumarins)的東莨菪素-7-葡萄糖苷(scopoletin-7-glucoside);以及白芷酸(angelic acid)和甘菊花酸(tiglic acid)形成的酯類[1]。乾燥過程中,產生的兒茶素(catechins)會使花色褐化[4]。
法國羅馬洋甘菊精油組成有白芷酸異丁酯(isobutyl angelate,32.1%)、白芷酸-2-甲基丁酯(2-methylbutyl angelate,16.2%)、異丁酸異丁酯(isobutyl isobutyrate,5.3%)、2-甲基丁酸甲酯(methyl 2-methylbutyrate,1.9%)[5]。
伊朗羅馬洋甘菊地上全株精油成分為天藍烴(27.80%)、β-蒎烯(β-pinene,7.93 %)、桉葉油醇(1,8-cineole,7.51 %)、α-蒎烯(α-pinene,5.94 %)、α-沒藥醇(α-bisabolol,5.76 %)[2]。
民俗療法
羅馬洋甘菊茶能緩和胃疾和噁心感[6]。治焦慮、失眠,能鎮靜、調解壓力、抗痙攣,26國藥典收錄洋甘菊花為官方用藥[2-4、7]。冷浸液或精油可改善腸胃不適和脹氣;熱煮液能發汗、催吐,也可止吐、鎮靜,緩解經痛、因受寒引起的感冒[8]。摩洛哥的Tafilalet地區利用水萃液治療糖尿病和心血管疾病[9]。
外用可緩解皮膚搔癢、擦傷、凍傷或蟲咬等不適,也可處理眼睛刺激,或當作漱口水,減少口腔和喉嚨發炎[4]。
抗氧化
DPPH˙的抗氧化試驗顯示[2],於濃度100 μg/ml時,羅馬洋甘菊精油的抗氧化力是抗氧化劑BHT的一半,德國洋甘菊精油則約為BHT的80%。還原力試驗也表現類似趨勢。
一篇探討地中海區域常見11種香草的研究表示[10],羅馬洋甘菊精油對脂質的抗氧化力效果最好,在亞麻油酸和β-胡蘿蔔素的測試中最能保色。使用的11種香草皆生長於義大利,羅馬洋甘菊精油組成為白芷酸丁酯+乙酸己酯(n-butyl angelate + hexyl acetate,28-37%)、白芷酸異戊酯(isoamyl angelate,19-30%)、2-甲基丁酸-2-甲基丁酯(2-methylbutyl 2-methylbutyrate,6-8%)。
抗菌
精油對抗藥性甲氧西林的金黄色葡萄球菌(methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus)所產生的抑菌圈可達19 mm [11],相較於德國洋甘菊的0 mm,顯示對此病原菌的抑制力非常優異。
羅馬洋甘菊精油和萃取物能有效抑制牙周病致病菌—牙齦卟啉單胞菌(Porphyromonas gingivalis),30 μL的萃取物和精油(1:9稀釋)觀察到的抑菌圈分別為13.3 ± 2.5和20 ± 1.8 mm [12]。
殺蟲
濃度0.0047和0.0093 μg/ml的羅馬洋甘菊精油,能有效殺死寄生於芭樂、玫瑰的溫室粉蝨(Trialeurodes vaporariorum)幼蟲,但對成蟲和蛋無效[13]。
抗發炎
英國鼠尾草(Salvia officinalis)葉片和羅馬洋甘菊地上部分的68% (w/w)酒精萃取物於濃度5 μg/ml和50 μg/ml時,分別和人類前脂肪細胞(fibroblastic preadipocytes)或人類神經瘤母細胞(SK-N-SH)共同培養4和24小時。結果鼠尾草能顯著降低發炎因子IL-6、SAA和ICAM-1;羅馬洋甘菊可減少MCP-1、 ICAM-1和VCAM-1的分泌,整體來說,24小時後,羅馬洋甘菊在2種細胞試驗中表現出較廣泛且更有效的抗發炎特性[14]。
羅馬洋甘菊花中的辛柄糖酸(octulosonic acid)衍生物研究證實可活化過氧化體增殖劑活化受體-γ (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma,PPAR-γ) [15],而能活化PPAR-γ的物質具有潛在抗發炎能力[16]。羅馬洋甘菊精油裡的天藍烴[17]能抑制花生四烯酸(arachidonic acid)發炎過程中,環氧合酵素-2 (cyclooxygenase-2,COX-2)的活性,中斷發炎路徑[18]。
NF-κB掌控多個關於發炎的基因,研究推測[19]羅馬洋甘菊能抑制NF-κB的活化,阻止後續發炎反應。德國洋甘菊的水萃物和酒精萃取物也有類似功效和抑制機制[19-20]。
止痛
1小時前口服180 mg/kg b.w. 南非羅馬洋甘菊花水蒸餾精油的小鼠和大鼠[21],能更有效抑制熱源刺激引起的疼痛,以及醋酸造成的耳朵腫脹發炎。使用的精油含α-沒藥醇(50.03%)、金合歡烯(farnesene,5.35%)、匙葉桉油烯醇(spathulenol,2.56%)。
降血壓、利尿
每日口服摩洛哥羅馬洋甘菊水萃物劑量140 mg/kg持續3周的高血壓大鼠,在第8天發現可顯著降低收縮壓,到第16天減少最多;排尿在第12天時明顯增加,之後持續增加到第20天[9]。利尿劑也是其中一種降血壓藥。
降血糖、抗糖尿病
每日口服摩洛哥羅馬洋甘菊地上全株水萃物劑量20 mg/kg持續15天的健康或糖尿病大鼠,從第2天開始到第15天皆能有效降低血糖,而在單次口服時,1小時後也能觀察到血糖下降[22]。只是大鼠血液中胰島素濃度並沒有變化,顯見功效機制應和胰島素分泌無關。
抗凝血
精油可抑制豚鼠血液的凝結,且呈劑量關係,但對血塊的收縮無效(clot retraction) [4、23]。
可能風險
小鼠口服5000 mg/kg b.d. 的羅馬洋甘菊精油,在30分鐘後觀察並追蹤14天,結果並沒有任何行為上異樣或死亡,LD50 大於5000 mg/kg b.d. 的物質可視為無毒性物[21]。美國FDA將德國和羅馬洋甘菊萃取物或精油列為公認安全物質[7]。但高劑量有催吐性[8]。
【芳療功效】
持續14天暴露7小時於擴香Robert Tisserand Ltd.羅馬洋甘菊精油(400 μL)的大鼠[3],在強迫性游泳憂鬱實驗模型中,顯著增加探索距離、站立次數(rearing times),以及減少靜止時間,證明能有效抗憂鬱、排除情緒失落。
103位具有焦慮、緊張、疼痛或失落的成人,隨機分成2組分別接受每周1次全身甜杏仁油按摩或全身甜杏仁油+羅馬洋甘菊精油按摩持續3周,結果無論有無精油,僅單純的按摩便能明顯減少焦慮,精油則能增進按摩效益,並改善涵蓋身心靈整體生活的品質[24]。
13位平均21歲的女學生吸聞羅馬洋甘菊精油後腦波圖顯示,會減緩頂葉和後側顳葉(posterior temporal lobe) α-1波(7.5-9HZ),並覺得愉悅和舒適,同樣作用的還包含真正薰衣草精油和丁香油酚(eugenol),但若不喜歡這些氣味的人,則α-1波不會變化[25]。這表示我們對特定精油的好惡也許能從α-1波的變化客觀得知。
36位患有慢性支氣管氣喘的病患,每天1次吸嗅伊拉克羅馬洋甘菊或黑種草(Nigella sativa)劑量100 mg/kg熱煮時產生的蒸氣5-10分鐘持續3周,結果羅馬洋甘菊可使患者的肺活量(forced vital capacity)從2.38增加到2.75,第一秒吐氣量(forced expiratory volume in first second)從77.41到79.33。不過黑種草的表現更好,分別從1.36提升到3.54,53.80到74.91[26]。
參考資料:
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(22)Eddouks, M., Lemhadri, A., Zeggwagh, N. A., & Michel, J. B. (2005). Potent hypoglycaemic activity of the aqueous extract of Chamaemelum nobile in normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Diabetes research and clinical practice, 67(3), 189-195.
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圖:Thalluri, G. S. K., & Srinu, P. (2018). Role of Chamomile in Cancer Treat-ment. J Pathol Clin Med Res, 1(001).
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