檸檬馬鞭草(Lemon Verbena,Aloysia triphylla)
馬鞭草科(Verbenaceae)防臭木屬(Aloysia)或過江藤屬(Lippia)
學名:Aloysia triphylla、Lippia citrodora、Aloysia citrodora、(Lippia citriodora,舊稱)#1(有說法指citriodora都是錯誤使用)#2
中文名:檸檬馬鞭草
圖1:檸檬馬鞭草(Aloysia triphylla)#3
【生理活性】
根據Mahmoodreza Moein的研究#4,檸檬馬鞭草精油主成分有反式檸檬醛(geranial,16.70 -26.94%)、順式檸檬醛(neral,13.46-21.46%)、α-薑黃烯(α-Curcumene,7.90-9.15%)、δ-檸烯(δ-Limonene,3.89-12.41%)、桉油醇(1,8-Cineole,1.49-5.49%)和石竹烯氧化物 (Caryophyllene oxide,2.52-9.30%)。
民俗療法
檸檬馬鞭草原生於中、南美洲,在當地非常流行,根據史料紀載,早在17世紀印加文明即用來當作草藥。居住在安地斯山脈的傳統術士(traditional healers)使用檸檬馬鞭草治療痙攣、支氣管炎、消化和心臟疾病。墨西哥人常用來緩解胃的不適、沮喪和焦慮;在巴西有多種用途,酒精萃取物或精油可作為殺菌劑和皮膚病的治療,巴西南方喜歡煮成茶當作殺蟲劑、殺菌劑和興奮劑,或喝下它治療感冒、發燒、流感、痙攣、脹氣、痤瘡和神經相關疾病;阿根廷居民會使用檸檬馬鞭草在抗痙攣、利尿、強心、鎮靜和消化等用途;在葡萄牙,則會用於治療腹瀉、失眠和風濕。#5
抗氧化
給大鼠口服檸檬馬鞭草萃取物後,檢測血液發現有強抗氧化力#6。另一類似研究#7,攝取萃取物後的大鼠,血液細胞內的抗氧化活性明顯增加,且表現出抗發炎、抗動脈粥狀化以及保護血液細胞的功效。檸檬馬鞭草的水煮液和冷泡茶(infusion)可有效減少油脂氧化和蛋白質變質,而且水煮液的效果優於冷泡茶#8。其他在細胞的實驗顯示,檸檬馬鞭草葉冷泡茶具有抗氧化和抗基因毒性的潛力功效#9。也有研究指出,防臭木屬植物的精油能抗基因毒性,減少紫外光造成的DNA傷害#10。43位健康成人臨床試驗,結果表示檸檬馬鞭草葉可減少脂肪過氧化,增加血液中抗氧化力#11。
抗菌和殺蟲性
檸檬馬鞭草葉精油在濃度2.84 - 3.87mg/ml時可抑制大腸桿菌、金黃色葡萄球菌和綠膿桿菌#12。另一研究指檸檬馬鞭草整株酒精萃取物對綠膿桿菌抑制效果最好,對枯草桿菌(B. subtilis)最差#13。不過在轉糖鏈球菌(Streptococcus mutans)和邊緣鏈球菌(S. sobrinu)的實驗,2%的酒精和水萃取物無法有效抑制#14。
作為殺蟲劑,其精油能有效對付熱帶家蚊(Culex quinquefasciatus),尤其是和冬季香薄荷(Satureja montana)1:1混合時,效果更好,通常含有高濃度檸檬醛的精油都有此特性#5, 15。2011年一項使用純胡薄荷酮(pulegone)和檸檬醛2種化合物對付頭蝨的研究,結果顯示可改善42 - 55%#16。
保護神經
根據小鼠的神經母細胞瘤細胞實驗,檸檬馬鞭草精油在濃度0.1 mg/ml有保護神經作用#17。
鎮靜、麻醉、抗痙攣、抗焦慮和助焦慮
檸檬馬鞭草精油可麻醉白鯰魚(silver catfish),且濃度不需1 ppm#18,使用更低濃度時,則有鎮靜功效#19。另在未成年的白蝦也有相同效果#20。動物實驗發現水萃取物濃度超過10 mg/kg會增加大鼠焦慮#21,但其他實驗卻顯示脂溶性萃取物可有效降低小鼠焦慮#22,專家認為這樣的差異可能源於脂溶性分子較易通過血腦屏障,發揮抗焦慮功效。
酒精萃取物可改善小鼠因電流或化學藥物引發的癲癇,實驗顯示能減少發作持續時間並增加潛伏期#23。Ragone 研究#24指水萃取物可減少腸道收縮,鬆弛腸道平滑肌(intestinal smooth muscle),效果可達常用治療藥的78 - 81%,能改善腸躁症及相關腸胃病。作者從萃取物中純化出兩種黃酮類成分:牡荊素(Vitexin)和異牡荊素(isovitexin),結果顯示牡荊素有相同效果,可是異牡荊素無效。
改善腸胃病
甲醇萃取物可減少大鼠小腸的異常蠕動,實驗發現可抑制32%,效果等同於常用止瀉藥樂必寧(loperamide),也和傳統療法作為止瀉藥的想法相呼應#25。檸檬馬鞭草浸泡茶(infusion)可預防大鼠因葡聚糖硫酸鈉(Dextran sulfate sodium,DSS)誘發的結腸炎(colitis),減少結腸損傷和變形#26。
止痛、抗發炎
檸檬馬鞭草除可抗痙攣,也有抗發炎功效,根據大鼠和體外子宮平滑肌實驗的結果,檸檬馬鞭草的己烷萃取物以及主要成分檸檬醛,都展現抗痙攣和抗發炎功效#27。檸檬馬鞭草含有的成分毛蕊花糖苷(verbascoside),經研究可減少大鼠的坐骨神經性疼痛#28。還有在其他的大鼠實驗,利用口服和腹腔注射攝取毛蕊花糖苷後,同樣表現出痛覺敏感度降低的功效#29。在一項30位多發性硬化症患者參與的臨床試驗,實驗組每日吃600毫克檸檬馬鞭草萃取物持續28天,結果顯示血液內發炎因子下降,抗發炎的細胞激素(cytokine)濃度則明顯上升了#30。
減少心血管疾病風險
在一項隨機雙盲100位心血管疾病高風險患者參與的臨床試驗,攝取50或100毫克毛蕊花糖苷持續2周後,相比對照組,100毫克高劑量組顯示患者血小板凝集(platelet aggregation)顯著減少,降低血栓形成風險#31。
抗癌
體外實驗指出#5, 13,檸檬馬鞭草酒精萃取物能抑制人類大腸癌細胞的增生(38.66%),在濃度1000 mg/ml時有最大抑制效果。
可能風險
Oskouei Shirvan的研究#32指劑量0.5毫克/公斤體重的檸檬馬鞭草水萃取物不會讓懷孕小鼠產下畸型胎兒。在急性毒性試驗顯示,水萃取物和毛蕊花糖苷的半數致死劑量都在5公克/公斤體重以上,持續21天的攝取則沒有發現明顯中毒現象#33-34。攝取高劑量的檸檬馬鞭草可能發生胃刺激#5。使用含高濃度檸檬醛的精油可能產生光敏性#35,建議皮膚外用時最高濃度不超過0.9%#36,且最好避免陽光直射#37。
【芳療功效】
檸檬馬鞭草精油非常稀有且昂貴,常會和便宜精油摻混,例如檸檬草#37。臨床芳香療法(Clinical Aromatherapy)書中描述#36皮膚外用或嗅聞檸檬馬鞭草精油有助於緩解慢性疼痛。另一本書(The aromatherapy book: applications and inhalations)表示#38擴香使用檸檬馬鞭草能改善氣色及幫助睡眠。
[momo] Amour 檸檬馬鞭草精油 10ml(100% pure essential oil 單方精油)
https://www1.oeya.com.tw/31YJc
[momo] 生活工場 Plants檸檬馬鞭草精油10ml
[momo] 百翠氏 檸檬馬鞭草精油原精3% -10ml(氣味帶有檸檬香氣)
[森森] Shylina 萱琳娜100%檸檬馬鞭草純精油(10ML)
【料理應用】
檸檬馬鞭草原生在中南美洲,17世紀時被西班牙探險者帶回歐洲後廣受歡迎。在歐洲,檸檬馬鞭草常加入水果茶或沙拉調味,它的乾燥碎葉能為任何的水果沙拉增添風味,也會使用在魚湯、醃料、布丁、果醬、烘焙食品和甜點。它在料理過程中氣味不會走調,適合和水果、香草莢、家禽和海鮮料理搭配,帶強烈檸檬香氣,可取代檸檬皮,但不帶苦味,喜愛檸檬香氣的人對它會很著迷。檸檬馬鞭草常製成香草茶或飲料,和薄荷搭配更是經典,不過因葉子很硬,最好在喝前除去。初生的嫩葉則可炒來吃,或是作為沙拉素材。#39-42
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