pancakes的部落格

旱金蓮花(Nasturtium，Tropaeolum majus)

旱金蓮科(Tropaeolaceae)旱金蓮屬(Tropaeolum)

學名：Tropaeolum majus

中文名：旱金蓮花、金蓮花

圖1：旱金蓮花(Tropaeolum majus)#1

旱金蓮原生於祕魯至墨西哥，由於它的野性和良好適應性，所以全世界大部分地區都可栽種#2。旱金蓮花雌雄同體、呈錐形左右對稱、花色由黃至深紅，相當豔麗#3-4。

【生理活性】

分析顯示，旱金蓮花或葉片含有山柰酚(kaempferol)、槲皮素(quercetin)和其衍生物等黃酮類成分#5-8。旱金蓮花還有花青素及胡蘿蔔素等抗氧化物質，Niizu 和 Rodriguez-Amaya的研究檢測定性出8種胡蘿蔔素，黃花、橘花富含葉黃素(lutein)，葉子的葉黃素較少，但胡蘿蔔素成分較多種#9。

來自阿爾及利亞的全株旱金蓮精油含有82.5%異硫氰酸苄酯(benzyl isothiocyanate)、3.9%苯乙腈(Benzene acetonitrile)和2.9%異戊酸苯乙酯(phenethyl isovalerate)#10。

葡萄糖異硫氰酸鹽類(Glucosinolates)是十字花目植物的指標成分，它遇熱穩定、可溶於水且不易發生反應。含有葡萄糖異硫氰酸鹽的植物若遇微生物攻擊、組織損傷或破壞時，便促使葡萄糖異硫氰酸鹽和芥子酵素(myrosinase)反應水解，形成異硫氰酸苄酯#11。異硫氰酸苄酯擁有多種生理活性，例如抗菌、解毒、驅蟲和抗癌等#12-18。

旱金蓮苷(glucotropaeolin)和白芥子硫苷(sinalbin)是存在於旱金蓮的葡萄糖異硫氰酸鹽類物質，旱金蓮花葉的100毫升甲醇萃取物存有1.65 mg 旱金蓮苷、12.54 mg 白芥子硫苷和20.24 mg的異硫氰酸苄酯#5, 12；90℃的酒水萃取也能萃出旱金蓮苷，不過若是在水萃物或室溫酒水萃取物，很奇妙的竟未檢出旱金蓮苷或僅有微量#7-8, 12。

民俗療法

傳統使用旱金蓮在抗菌、利尿、通便、養髮、抗壞血、抗發炎、抗憂鬱和緩解高血壓等用途上。另外也用於皮膚不適、癤病(furunculosis)、青春痘、肺病、漸凍人症(amyotrophic lateral sclerosis)、乾癬、濕疹和瘰癧(scrofula)的治療上#12。在安地斯山脈地區會作為消毒劑、抗生素，或是治療創傷癒合、胸悶和壞血病的草藥#19。

抗氧化

Bazylko研究使用旱金蓮花和葉的汁液、酒水或水萃取物檢測抗氧化力#8，在多個體外或細胞實驗模型中，酒水萃取物普遍表現較佳，之後是水萃取物和原始汁液。另一項分析旱金蓮橘色花瓣70%丙酮萃取物抗氧化力的研究#19，因為花瓣含有花青素、維他命C和多酚物質，所以同樣有抗氧化功效，其中花青素內有91%都是天竺葵素-3-槐糖苷(pelargonidin 3-sophoroside)。

抗菌

異硫氰酸苄酯具有抗菌力#20，Bazylko研究旱金蓮花葉水和酒水萃取物對多種細菌的抑制能力#7，結果全都無效，作者認為這是因為異硫氰酸苄酯濃度太低的關係。旱金蓮酒精萃取物再細分不同部分後檢測抗菌力#12, 21，結果發現己烷和氯仿溶解物能有效抑制表皮葡萄球菌、金黃色葡萄球菌、大腸桿菌、克雷伯氏肺炎菌(Klebsiella pneumoniae)和錫圖巴爾沙門菌(Salmonella setubal)。

利尿

多篇文獻指旱金蓮有利尿效果#22-24。高血壓大鼠一次性或連續7天口服富含異槲皮苷(isoquercitrin)的旱金蓮葉萃取物25–100 mg/kg或純異槲皮苷5–10 mg/kg，皆能有效增加尿液和鈉離子的排泄量，並表現出劑量反應關係且未發現有任何副作用#6。作者另篇研究顯示#25，儘管是未經過再純化異槲皮苷製程的酒精萃取物，仍可達到利尿功效，不過使用劑量為300mg/kg，是純化過萃取物劑量的3倍。

降血壓

Gasparotto在大鼠的研究說明#26，旱金蓮葉90%酒精萃取物和主成分異槲皮苷能有效使血壓下降，口服萃取物300 mg/kg於1.5小時後可降低平均動脈壓(Mean arterial pressure) 13 mm Hg；靜脈注射異槲皮苷0.5 - 4 mg/kg也有相似效果，可是降低心律(heart rate)表現皆不明顯。

可能的作用機轉指向血液中血管緊張素轉化酵素(angiotensin converting enzyme，ACE)活性的抑制，抑制血管緊張素轉化酵素的活性有助於血壓下降。研究發現口服100和300 mg/kg萃取物可使酵素活性減少20%和24%；靜脈注射異槲皮苷4 mg/kg能將血管收縮素(Angiotensin)的升高血壓功能降低36%，並保留緩激肽(Bradykinin)功能#26。(緩激肽有降血壓效果，不過它的活性會因血管緊張素轉化酵素的存在而下降。)

抗發炎

當身體損傷或感染時，會活化環氧合酶(cyclooxygenase)，催化花生四烯酸合成類前列腺素(prostanoids)，形成發炎現象。研究顯示#7，旱金蓮水和酒水萃取物能抑制環氧合酶 1 (cyclooxygenase 1)活性，減少發炎情形。

毒性研究

在體外或大鼠研究指出，旱金蓮葉的酒水萃取物無雌激素特性，不會產生雄性激素活性，也不會導致子宮收縮#27。小鼠口服旱金蓮莖葉的水或70%酒精萃取物5000 mg/kg未發現有明顯的毒性反應#21, 28，大鼠在口服旱金蓮酒水萃取物5000 mg/kg或腹腔注射3000 mg/kg也未觀察到中毒現象#29。口服750 mg/kg旱金蓮葉酒水萃取物持續28天的大鼠並未有任何不適#30。受孕後8天期間每日攝取300mg / kg的旱金蓮葉酒水萃取物不會對懷孕大鼠造成傷害，但有著床前胚胎損失增加的情形，約從10%升高至20%#31。

【料理應用】

旱金蓮具有辛味和宜人香氣，風味類似水田芥，由於它富含硫化物，營養價值高，時常在沙拉和三明治中加入花芽、花或嫩葉#1, 12, 32。

出生25天小豬餵食內含旱金蓮苷29.2 - 48.7 mg/kg的飼料持續35天，實驗顯示不影響也無法幫助小豬生長，但排出尿液含有較高濃度的異硫氰酸苄酯，具有抗菌性，有助於維持小豬健康和環境整潔#20。

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