pancakes的部落格

大馬士革玫瑰(Damask Rose，Rosa × damascena)

薔薇科(Rosaceae)薔薇屬(Rosa)

學名：Rosa × damascena

中文名：大馬士革玫瑰、保加利亞玫瑰、奧圖玫瑰

圖1：大馬士革玫瑰(Rosa × damascena)#1

大馬士革玫瑰原生於中東，早在西元7世紀時波斯人就懂得利用蒸餾萃取精油，之後在鄂圖曼帝國時期開始興盛#2-4。大馬士革現今全球都有栽種，尤以土耳其和保加利亞產量最多，因為它們的大馬士革香氣、滋味和藥性最被人推崇，其他較多產量地區還包含伊朗、印度、中國、北非和歐洲#5-6。

【生理活性】

整株大馬士革含有多樣豐富的植化素，花朵富含多酚#7，而黃酮類、糖苷衍生物、萜烯類(terpenes)和花青素類等物質分布在不同部位#5, 8，其它還有維他命A, C, K, B1, B2, B3、檸檬酸、蘋果酸、果膠、單寧和胡蘿蔔素#9。主要酚類成分有山柰酚(kaempferol)、槲皮素(quercetin)、沒食子酸(gallic acid)和矢車菊素(cyanidin)糖苷化合物#8，山柰酚、槲皮素和相關類似物是大馬士革玫瑰甲醇萃取物內主要抗病毒(anti-HIV)的功效成分#10。根據Loghmani-Khouzani的研究#11，伊朗的大馬士革精油主成分為β-香茅醇(β-Citronellol，14.5-47.5%)、十九烷(nonadecane，10.5-40.5%)、香葉醇(geraniol，5.5-18%)和二十一烷(henicosane，7-14%)。純露約含有0.025-0.074% (v/w)的油性成分#12，較高濃度的揮發性物質有苯乙醇(2-phenylethanol，30.8- 81.6%)、香茅醇(1.8- 22.7%)、橙花醇(nerol，0.2- 11.6%)和香葉醇(geraniol，0.9- 16.8%)。

民俗療法

千年前，波斯醫學家Avicenna (980–1037 AD)描述大馬士革玫瑰具有強心、保健腸胃、去體味、修復肌膚和黏膜，以及止痛和抗發炎等功效#13-14。18世紀時，波斯醫藥學家Aghili Shirazi (1670-1747 AD)在他的著作Storehouse of Medicaments中紀載，大馬士革可緩解多種疾病引起的痛楚和對腦部的損傷#15-16。

抗氧化

大馬士革花瓣的50%甲醇萃取液經檢測具有優異的抗氧化力#17，能消除多種自由基和活性氧物質，有預防DNA氧化損傷的潛力，且細胞實驗中顯示無毒性。另一研究同樣使用甲醇萃取，所得的產物也擁有抗氧化力#18。整株大馬士革的酒精萃取物一樣有抗氧化力表現#19，經分析多酚含量為2.63 ± 0.16 mg/g。

抗菌

大馬士革原精(萃取物)和精油有高濃度多酚物質#20，能有效對抗多種微生物，例如大腸桿菌、綠膿桿菌、枯草桿菌(Bacillus subtilis)、金黃色葡萄球菌、紫色色桿菌(Chromobacterium violaceum)和細菌性軟腐病(Erwinia carotovora)，雖然純露有苯甲醇，不過存在量並不足以產生抗菌效力#20。精油抑制金黃色葡萄球菌的效果較明顯，對大腸桿菌和綠膿桿菌的抗菌力並不強#21。

花瓣也有抑菌性，80%甲醇萃取物顯示對枯草桿菌、大腸桿菌、黑黴菌和白色念珠菌無效，但可抑制蠟樣芽孢桿菌(Bacillus cereus)、金黃色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌和綠膿桿菌#22。大馬士革花托的丁醇萃取液展現廣泛且強效的抗菌力#23， 研究指出能有效抑制食物中常見的腸道沙門氏菌(Salmonella typhimurium)和蠟樣芽孢桿菌，水萃取物則能抑制金黃色葡萄球菌以及白色念珠菌。

感染伯氏瘧原蟲(Plasmodium berghei)的小鼠經腹腔注射10 mg/kg大馬士革甲醇萃取物，可明顯減少血液中寄生蟲數#24。

止痛

92位18-24歲的經痛學生組成的臨床實驗表示#25，月經期間每日3次口服200mg 大馬士革果實70%酒精萃取物，能有效減輕經痛，效果和止痛藥甲芬那酸(Mefenamic Acid)無明顯差異。

相同的萃取物也使用在總計92位剖婦產孕婦的臨床上#26，麻醉手術前給予400mg萃取物的孕婦在術後24小時內明顯感受到的疼痛較少。

抗發炎

口服250-1000 mg/kg大馬士革花瓣的酒水萃取物(EtOH-H₂O，7:3) 能減緩大鼠因化學物質引起的腫脹，發揮抗發炎功效，可是精油在實驗劑量下無效#27。大鼠在連續4天誘發潰瘍性大腸炎(Ulcerative colitis)前2小時先口服或腹腔注射大馬士革酒水萃取物(EtOH-H₂O，7:3)或精油，研究發現口服低劑量(100 µl/kg)精油能減少潰瘍，但濃度漸增時效果減弱；口服萃取物250-1000 mg/kg同樣能緩解潰瘍，且有劑量反應關係；注射萃取物125 mg/kg時表現輕微功效，濃度增至250 mg/kg以上則無效，在500 mg/kg時甚至導致有些大鼠死亡#28。

皮下注射250 µg大馬士革玫瑰胎座(placenta)50%酒精萃取物的皮膚劃傷小鼠，可加速傷口癒合#29。相較於對照組，第二天時實驗組小鼠的表皮生長因子(epidermal growth factor)和血管內皮生長因子(vascular endothelial growth factor)表現量明顯較高、傷口較小，實驗證明萃取物有刺激生長因子表現、減少細胞發炎和加速癒合功效。

改善睡眠呼吸中止

正規治療之外，護理人員在早產兒出生第2天，藉由吸聞0.1 ml的10%大馬士革蒸餾液體每日4次間隔3小時持續3天的輔助治療，結果明顯降低早產兒睡眠呼吸中止、心搏過緩(Bradycardia)和血氧飽和度(Pulse oximetry)#1。

抗憂鬱、改善因藥物造成的性功能障礙

使用選擇性血清回收抑制劑(selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors，SSRIs)治療重度憂鬱症的男性伴隨性功能障礙的副作用。68位使用SSRIs治療重度憂鬱症或因SSRIs導致性功能障礙的男性患者參與的隨機分組研究#30，實驗組每日口服含17mg香茅醇的大馬士革精油2ml連續8周，研究結束患者自評憂鬱情況和性功能，與對照組相比顯著改善。相同的實驗設計，作者持續在女性患者的研究#31，8周的實驗期間，患者性欲、高潮和性滿足隨時間增加，但整體改善效果還是比在男性研究時小。

使用美沙冬維持療法(Methadone Maintenance Treatment)治療鴉片成癮也有性功能障礙的副作用，相同作者另篇含50位男性患者的研究表示#32，8周大馬士革精油的治療除可改善藥物療程造成的性功能障礙，還有增加睾酮濃度的效果。

抗癲癇

因化學藥物誘發癲癇的大鼠，在誘發前腹腔注射大馬士革花的70%酒精萃取物50-200 mg/kg持續1周能有效減少發作頻率、爆發放電(burst discharges)振幅，且可保護神經並延長發作潛伏期#33。大馬士革葉精油也表現相同功效#34，誘發前30分鐘腹腔注射精油750-1000 mg/kg的大鼠更能忍受電流誘發刺激、減少發作持續時間和放電振幅。另一項在小鼠的類似研究#35，水萃取物和酒精萃取物皆能有效延長發作潛伏期，水萃取物表現較佳，氯甲酸萃取物則無效。

緩解失眠

含36位失眠患者的研究使用大馬士革花瓣粉、稀釋純露和純露治療失眠#36，結果發現每日3次每次3ml持續3周攝取純露，治療失眠效果明顯優於其他2組。

降血脂、降血壓

歷時45天的高血脂白兔研究表示#37，每日口服1.5 g/kg大馬士革花的甲醇萃取物有中度降低膽固醇、改善血脂的功效，但效果並不明顯。另一篇相同實驗方法評估血壓的研究描述#38，高脂飲食加上大馬士革花的甲醇萃取物會使白兔的血壓、左心室舒張壓和發展壓(developed pressure)顯著升高，恐會增加罹患高血壓的風險。

還有研究發現腹腔注射大馬士革70%酒精萃取物能幫助大鼠控制血壓#39，注射250-1000 mg/kg劑量半小時後，可明顯觀察到大鼠舒張壓和平均動脈壓(Mean arterial pressure)下降，且濃度越高效果越好。

可能風險

小狗連續10天口服大馬士革水萃取物1440 mg/kg，有觀察到輕微腎和肝毒性#40，例如第10天時血液內肝臟轉胺酶(alanine aminotransferase)上升，還有第3天時膽紅素(serum bilirubin)短暫上升，另補充說明，這實驗劑量是人類正常使用劑量的8倍。大馬士革甲醇萃取物在大鼠的半數致死量為1200 mg/kg#7。回顧2017年以前的臨床試驗，並沒有使用大馬士革而發生嚴重副作用的案例，只有一位懷孕媽媽使用精油導致輕度的過敏性鼻炎#7, 41。

【芳療功效】

每日吸聞0.15 ml/kg大馬士革精油持續28天的憂鬱大鼠，可有效減少因憂鬱造成的氧化損傷#42，實驗發現大腦皮質的脂肪過氧化反應減少，且皮質中的維他命A, C, E和胡蘿蔔素濃度比對照組高，對可能誘發的氧化損傷產生保護作用。

包含20位大學女生的研究顯示#43，吸聞90秒大馬士革精油可有效幫助放鬆及感到舒適。使用1ml含20%大馬士革精油的甜杏仁按摩油按摩下腹部5分鐘，同樣可幫助放鬆，減少焦慮和壓力#44。由28位正值產後18個月內婦女參與的研究指出#45，藉由吸聞或手部按摩 (hand m’technique)含2%大馬士革玫瑰和真正薰衣草(1:3)的調合油每周2次每次15分鐘持續4周，治療中期或結束時即能明顯降低產後焦慮。

50位2-3級燒燙傷病患參與的臨床試驗#9，實驗組吸聞5滴40%大馬士革花精20分鐘後，平均可有效降低疼痛程度，且包紮過程中自覺痛感增加的人數明顯較少。3-6歲兒童術後吸聞1-2滴大馬士革花精能顯著減少術後疼痛#46，64位兒童的臨床試驗指出，雖然在吸聞當下無明顯療效，可是經3, 6, 9和12小時後，實驗組顯著降低痛感。120位有下背痛困擾的孕婦#41，使用大馬士革花瓣油萃物每日2次7滴塗抹於下背100 cm^2面積連續4周的實驗組，明顯有止痛功效。

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