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野薑花(Ginger lilyHedychium coronarium)

 

薑科(Zingiberaceae)薑花屬(Hedychium)

英文名:Hedychium coronariumHedychium coronarium J. Koenigwhite butterfly ginger lilygarland flowercinnamon jasmine #1

中文名:野薑花

CD野薑花.jpg

1:野薑花(Hedychium coronarium)和根部#2-3

 

野薑花似白蝶飛舞翩翩,甜香慢漫,原生於尼泊爾和印度的喜馬拉雅山區,花期僅約一天,有些變種可開黃花,多繁殖於熱帶或亞熱帶地區,例如日本、印度、古巴、夏威夷、巴西、中國南方和東南亞國家,北美和歐洲國家在春季時也可能見到#4-7

 

【生理活性】

 

生長於浙江杭州在春夏採摘的野薑花,精油-乙酸乙酯再萃物的主要組成有β-反式羅勒烯酮(β-transocimenone28.05%)、芳樟醇(linalool18.52%)1,8-桉葉油醇(1,8-cineole11.35%)α-松油醇(α-terpineol7.11%)10--γ-桉葉醇(10-epi-γ-eudesmol6.06%)、香檜烯(sabinene4.59%)和品烯四醇(terpinen-4-ol3.17%),大部分是單萜和倍半萜類#4。另篇使用印度冬日採摘野薑花的研究,精油主要有β-反式羅勒烯((E)-β-Ocimene64.5%)、芳樟醇(20.3%)1,8-桉葉油醇(3.6%)#8

日本野薑花的庚烷萃取-蒸餾精油有不同的檢測結果,含有茉莉酸甲酯(methyl jasmonate17.16%)、香芹酚(carvacrol7.5%)和丁香酚(eugenol3.0%)等分子#9,還有一篇同樣來自日本的研究也分析出類似成分#10

 

在根(rhizome)、莖、葉部分,β‐蒎烯(β‐pinene38.8-44.1%)皆有類似濃度,根部含有較高濃度的1,8-桉葉油醇(32.2% > 5.1-5.6%),莖和葉則有較多的β-石竹烯(β-Caryophyllene12.4-13.4% > 0.1%)#8。另篇檢測根部精油的主成分為1,8-桉葉油醇(37.44-41.42%)β‐蒎烯(10.39-17.4%)α-松油醇(6.7-8.8%)#11

 

民俗療法

 

中藥土羌活是野薑花的根部,傳統用在頭痛、糖尿病、挫傷發炎和風濕痛的治療;印度阿育吠陀(Ayurvedic)療法認為花可退熱、使興奮、抗風濕或作為補品;波斯-阿拉伯傳統尤那尼(Unani)醫學則用野薑花於消化系統和局部發炎的治療,也能幫助舒緩嘔吐和噁心感。#4-5, 12-14

 

印度中央邦內阿馬爾卡恩塔克城(Amarkantak)所製造的自然發酵或乾燥野薑花蒸餾水萃液(gulbakawali ark)是世界聞名的護眼補品,當地術士建議每次1-2滴每日2次持續使用一年,據稱可預防白內障或治療其他眼睛疾病,因此吸引各國觀光客接踵而至購買,而更令人驚訝的是印度不少眼科權威都使用此水萃液成功治療病患#5, 15。不過野薑花已被放入印度紅皮書,屬於瀕臨滅絕物種,因棲地破壞、連根拔除或未成熟的採摘、市場對水萃液需求驟增等因素而使數量銳減#16

 

抗氧化

 

野薑花精油-乙酸乙酯再萃物經檢測可表現出消除自由基能力#4,但效果遠弱於抗氧化劑BHT (butylated hydroxytoluene)和維他命C,另在2價鐵離子的還原力試驗也是同樣弱勢。

 

抗菌

 

野薑花水萃物具有抑制鏈隔孢菌屬(Alternaria)、鐮孢菌屬(Fusarium)和黃麴黴菌(Aspergillus flavus)等真菌生長的能力,其中以鏈隔孢菌屬效果最佳,甚至優於常用藥耐斯菌素(Nystatin) 和灰黴素(Greseofulvin) #15

 

抗發炎

 

大鼠在誘使腫脹發炎前30分鐘口服1毫升(濃度100 mg/kg)乳化後的野薑花精油-乙酸乙酯再萃物可有效抑制腫脹#4,發揮抗發炎功效,總計5小時的觀察時間,消炎能力和常用藥吲哚美辛(Indomethacin)相近。

 

護肝

 

由野薑花80%丙酮-乙酸乙酯萃取物所純化出的成分,coronaririn C15-hydroxylabda-8(17),11,13-trien-16,15-olide,經體外研究證實可顯著保護因D-半乳糖胺(D-galactosamine)誘發肝毒性的小鼠肝細胞,其效果和水飛薊素(silybin)相比更為優異,表現突出的原因可能是純化出的成分中僅此2化合物都含有氫氧-丁烯酸內酯官能基的緣故#17

 

M野薑花護肝成分.jpg

2coronaririn C 15-hydroxylabda-8(17),11,13-trien-16,15-olide #17

 

參考文獻:

(1)Dash, Pritesh Ranjan: Phytochemical Screening and Pharmacological Investigations on Hedychium coronarium, Hamburg, Anchor Academic Publishing 2016

(2)Shekhar TC and Anju G, 2015. A comprehensive review on Hedychium coronarium J. Koenig. (Dolanchampa/ Kapurkachri). Int. J. Res. Ayurveda Pharm., 6:98-100.

(3)Shabaraya, A. R. "Pharmacological Review on Hedychium coronarium Koen.: The White Ginger Lily."

(4)Lu Y, Zhong CX, Wang L, Lu C, Li XL, Wang PJ. Anti-inflammation activity and chemical composition of flower essential oil from Hedychium coronarium. Afr J Biotech. 2009;8:5373–5377.

(5)Mohanta, Basanta Kumar. 2012. Traditional Technique for Preparation of Gulbakawali Ark at Amarkantak, Madhya Pradesh. In Mohanta, Basanta Kumar and Vipin Kumar Singh eds. Traditional Knowledge System and Technology in India. Delhi: Pratibha Prakashans. Pp.350-380.

(6)CHAN, E. W. C.; WONG, S. K. Phytochemistry and pharmacology of ornamental gingers, Hedychium coronarium and Alpinia purpurata: a review. Journal of Integrative Medicine, Beijing, v. 13, n. 6, p. 368-379, 2015.

(7)T. K. Lim, Edible Medicinal and Non Medicinal Plants Volume 8, Flowers, Springer Science & Business, 2014, pp. 847-856, ISBN 94-017-8748-4

(8)Shanmugam, Pragadheesh V., Anju Yadav, and C.S. Chanotiya. “Enantiomer Differentiation of Key Volatile Constituents from Leaves, Stems, Rhizome and Flowers of cultivatedHedychium coronariumKoenig from India.” Journal of Essential Oil Research 27.2 (2014): 101–106.

(9)Omata, A, Yomogida, K, Teshima, Y, Nakamura, S, Hashimoto, S, Arai, T, Furukawa, K (1991). Volatile components of ginger flowers (Hedychium coronarium Koenig). Flavour & Fragrance Journal 6: 217-220.

(10)Matsumoto F, Idetsuki H, Harada K, Nohara I, Toyoda T. Volatile components of Hedychium coronarium Koenig flowers. J Essent Oil Res. 1993; 5(2): 123–133.

(11)Joy B, Rajan A, Abraham E: Antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of essential oil from Hedychium coronarium. Phytother Res 2007,21(5):439-443.

(12)Jain SK, Fernandes VF, Lata S, Ayub A (1995). Indo-Amazonian ethnobotanic connections-Similar uses of some common plants. Ethnobotany, 7: 29-37.

(13)Jain SP., Singh J., Singh SC., Rare endangered medicinal and aromatic plants of Madhya Pradesh. J Econ Taxon Bot, 2003; 27 (4): 925-932.

(14)Pachurekar, P., & Dixit, A. K. (2017). A Review on Pharmacognostical Phytochemical and Ethnomedicinal Properties of Hedychium Coronarium J. Koenig an Endangered Medicine. International Journal of Chinese Medicine, 1(2), 49-61.

(15)Pandya CV, et.al. Antifungal activity of crude extracts of Hedychium coronarium. Int. J. Res. Phytochem. Pharmacol 2014; 4 (1): 4-6.

(16)Mishra M., Current status of endangered Medicinal plant Hedychium coronarium and causes of Population decline in the natural forests of Anuppur and Dindori districts of Madhya Pradesh, India, International Research Journal of Biological Sciences. 2013; 2 (3): 1-6

(17)Seikou N, Yoshie O, Kiyofumi N, Toshio M, Hisashi M, Masayuki Y (2008). Medicinal Flowers. XXIV. 1) Chemical structures and hepatoprotective effects of constituents from flowers of Hedychium coronarium. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 56: 1704-1709.

 

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