pancakes的部落格

依蘭依蘭(Ylang-Ylang，Cananga odorata)

番荔枝科(Annonaceae)依蘭屬(Cananga)

學名：Cananga odorata

英文名：Ylang-Ylang、perfume tree

中文名：依蘭依蘭、香水樹

圖1：依蘭依蘭(Cananga odorata)#1

依蘭依蘭鵝黃花瓣，香調清新卻四溢，伴隨些微柔和果香，似帶甜香的茉莉。原生長於亞洲熱帶國家，分布菲律賓、馬來西亞和印尼，或是印度洋海島國家，如馬達加斯加、葛摩(Comoro)，由於看好他的經濟價值，目前美國、中國、非洲和印度也有種植。#1-2

【生理活性】

依蘭依蘭花精油的成分包含芳樟醇(linalool，13.6%)、乙酸香葉酯(geranyl acetate，5.3%)、 石竹烯(caryophyllene，1.7%)、對甲酚甲醚(p-cresyl ether，16.5%)、苯甲酸甲酯(methyl benzoate，8.7%)、乙酸苄酯(benzyl acetate，25.1%)和苯甲酸苄酯(benzyl benzoate，2.2%)等物質#3。也可能主要成分不同#4，例如：苯甲酸甲酯(34.00%)、對甲酚甲醚(19.82%)和苯甲酸苄酯(18.97%)。

花期在完全盛開時最適宜蒸餾成精油，因含有最多的酯類和總揮發性成分#5。酯類成分濃度越高精油等級越高，通常依此分成四個等級，蒸餾製程初期所收集的精油品質最佳#6。

民俗療法

越南人使用依蘭依蘭治療瘧疾，在爪哇則使用乾燥花#7。有報導稱依蘭依蘭可降血壓，新鮮花泥能治療氣喘#1-2。北馬里亞納群島(Northern Mariana Islands)上的居民或醫者利用花和樹皮緩解胃痛和肺部疾病#8。印尼人將依蘭依蘭精油當作助性高潮和減少性焦慮的輔助良方#9。

印度洋島民和印度居民相信外敷依蘭依蘭葉可止癢並改善頭皮屑，在印度也將精油用於頭痛、眼發炎和痛風的治療，另應用樹皮湯汁在風濕、生痰、潰瘍和發燒等病徵上#10-12。撒摩亞(Samoa)和東加(Tonga)島國視樹皮為瀉藥，有助舒緩便秘#1。

抗氧化

依蘭依蘭花精油僅有些微消除自由基表現#13-14，但有研究發現500 µg/mL濃度時可有效抑制醛類物質氧化，而在其他抗氧化檢測模型上，比起其他精油，表現也相對出色#15-16。

抗菌

O-Methylmoschatoline、鵝掌楸鹼(liriodenine)和3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid是樹皮含有的抗菌成分，200 μg/disc濃度可顯著抑制多種細菌，400μg/disc可抑制多種真菌，如黃麴黴菌、黑麴黴或白色念珠菌#17-18。

殺蟲

花精油可殺死3種病媒蚊，分別在9.77%、8.82%和4.99%濃度時可消滅一半的埃及斑蚊(Aedes aegypti)、熱帶家蚊(Culex quinquefasciatus)和大劣按蚊(Anopheles dirus)#19。另在日本白蟻(Reticulitermes speratus Kolbe)的研究，花精油於2mg/filter濃度時，在第2和7日，可使18.0 ± 5.8% 和 94.0 ± 4.0%的白蟻致死#20。

抑制黑色素

近年發現依蘭依蘭花蕾(buds)甲醇萃取物可抑制黑色素形成且無細胞毒性，其中2成分canangaterpenes I 和 (3R,3aR,8aS)-3-isopropyl-8a-methyl-8-oxo-1,2,3,3a,6,7,8,8a-octahydroazulene-5-carbaldehyde的抑制效果遠比熊果素好(IC₅₀ = 3.6 𝜇M、2.5 𝜇M<174 𝜇M) #21。

調控糖尿病

醛糖還原酶(aldose reductase)可催化血液中葡萄糖生成山梨醇(sorbitol)，但若生成路徑異常活化便可能造成細胞內山梨醇持續堆積，導致糖尿病衍生多種慢性併發症，例如：神經病變、視網膜病變、腎病或白內障#22。從依蘭依蘭花蕾分離出的3種活性物canangaterpene I、(E)-[(1R,3R,5S,6S,8S)-6-hydroxy-1,3-dimethoxy-2- oxaspiro[4.5]decan-8-yl]methyl caffeate和canangafruticoside E，研究顯示分別在濃度1.2、1.5和0.8 𝜇M能抑制醛糖還原酶一半活性，有助於調控糖尿病，對照組的綠原酸則在0.7 𝜇M時即有相同效果#23。

抗發炎

小鼠巨噬細胞發炎時會釋放一氧化氮，雖然這是發炎時的防禦機制，但過量釋放可能造成正常細胞損傷，實驗發現50 𝜇g/mL的依蘭依蘭葉甲醇萃取物能明顯抑制一氧化氮釋放且細胞毒性低#24-25。

15-脂氧合酶-1(15-lipoxygenase-1)是參與人體發炎反應的酵素之一，可催化產生促炎性(proinflammatory)因子#26-27。依蘭依蘭精油在濃度0.5μg/mL時可有效抑制15-脂氧合酶，效果優於常用標準抑制劑-降二氫癒創木酸(Nordihydroguaiaretic acid)，可是隨濃度增加，抑制的效果下降，降二氫癒創木酸也有相似情形#28。

可能風險

持續60天餵食樹根50%酒精萃取物1g/kg body weight劑量的公大鼠，發現附睪精蟲活動力和精蟲數皆明顯下降，且精蟲型態也明顯異常，可能有精蟲毒性#29。

大鼠急性口服和白兔急性皮膚試驗的LD₅₀皆超過5 g/kg，顯示高安全性。美國香料及萃取物製造協會(Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association, FEMA)將依蘭依蘭精油列為公認安全物質，美國FDA准予作為食品添加物使用#1, 6。

【芳療功效】

36位20-45歲女性自願者參與的芳療按摩試驗#30，3滴/10mL調和依蘭依蘭按摩油施於背或臉部的每週一次60分鐘療程，結果證明可顯著降低女性或婦女壓力。觀察心率(elevated pulse rate)、收縮壓、舒張壓和呼吸速率等生理壓力指標，有依蘭依蘭調合油存在的按摩療程，皆可有效且迅速減少壓力，尤以療程進行30分鐘時感受最深。

29位平均21-22歲男性自願者參與嗅聞依蘭依蘭花精油的試驗，實驗組處於總量3滴精油的密閉空間20分鐘，結果顯示依蘭依蘭花精油能明顯降低血壓和心率，有鎮靜和放鬆功效#3。

95位處於算術和白噪音壓力下5分鐘的自願者#31，實驗組吸聞2滴真薰衣草和依蘭依蘭複方精油(1：1)，結果在壓力過後10和30分鐘，發現實驗組的壓力指數、交感神經活性、壓力荷爾蒙濃度和血壓均明顯低於安慰劑和控制組，證明真薰衣草和依蘭依蘭的複方精油可有效排除壓力。

40位介於19-48歲的自願者參與試驗，實驗組使用1mL 20% (w/w)依蘭依蘭花調合油按摩下腹5分鐘，完成後覆蓋保鮮膜15分鐘防止揮發，結果實驗組血壓、心率、自主神經系統(autonomous nervous system)和自評皆較為平靜且放鬆，代表依蘭依蘭確能舒緩焦慮和沮喪#4。

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