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樟樹 /羅文莎葉(桉油樟) (Camphor /RavintsaraCinnamomum camphora)

 

樟科(Lauraceae) /肉桂屬(Cinnamomum)

學名:Cinnamomum camphora

別名:KapürKäfür

羅文莎葉.jpg

圖:羅文莎葉 (RavintsaraCinnamomum camphora) [1]

 

樟樹原生於台灣、中國、印度、蒙古、日本[2-3]。生長於台灣和日本的樟樹多是樟腦或芳樟醇化學型,芳樟醇化學型的樟樹又名芳樟,芳樟醇(linalool)80-85%;印度和斯里蘭卡成分最多的通常是樟腦(camphor);羅文莎葉精油(Ravintsara)是栽種在馬達加斯加的樟樹桉葉油醇(1,8-cineole)化學型,桉葉油醇濃度普遍在40-50%,且可能是19世紀中葉時從台灣(Formosa)引進[4-5]。不過印度的阿薩姆和澳洲新南威爾斯(New South Wales)也有桉葉油醇型,含量約32-69%[6-7],新南威爾斯樟樹以果實和葉片的桉葉油醇濃度較高(49.8-53.3%),枝條和樹幹較少(32.0-45.5%) [7]

 

【生理活性】

 

馬達加斯加羅文莎葉片精油(n=5)含桉葉油醇56.7-63.7%、香檜烯(sabinene) 11.4-14.0%α-萜品醇(α-terpineol) 6.9-8.3%α-蒎烯(α-pinene) 3.7-4.6%[8]。羅文莎葉純露含量最高的成分也是桉葉油醇[9]

 

中國蘇州水蒸餾樟樹葉片精油成分有D-樟腦(d-camphor40.54%)、芳樟醇(linalool22.92%)、桉葉素(cineole11.26%)3,7,11-Trimethyl-3-hydroxy-6,10-dodecadien-1-yl acetate (4.5%)[10]

 

台灣樟樹的變種芳樟(Cinnamomum camphora Sieb. var. linaloolifera Fujuta)水蒸餾葉片精油有芳樟醇(87.3%)β-石竹烯(β-caryophyllene2.1%)、莰烯(camphene hydrate1.5%)β-芹子烯(β-selinene0.8%)。花精油含芳樟醇(72.4%)β-石竹烯(5.3%)β-芹子烯(2.9%)α-石竹烯(1.8%)和莰烯(1.8%)。枝條精油主要是芳樟醇(40.0%)、樟腦(camphor33.5%)、丁香油酚(eugenol3.6%)、桉葉油醇(3.0%)[11]

 

中國芳樟的水蒸餾葉片精油得率為1.41%、枝幹是0.08%[12]。蒸餾時間以40分鐘得到的精油最多,時間過長也許會因能蒸餾的精油已殆盡,但蒸氣和後續冷凝的水量變多,使更多精油溶於水相,導致油相中能收集的精油減少。葉片成分有芳樟醇(89.58%)和匙葉桉油烯醇(spathulenol1.96%)

 

民俗療法

 

印度尤那尼(Unani)醫學使用樟樹非常廣泛,藉由不同部位調整劑量去治療多種疾病,口服能治歇斯底里、癲癇和舞蹈病(chorea) [2]。能化痰,幫助呼吸循環;外用可止痛或當作發紅劑[13]。外用劑型有塗敷劑(liniments)、膏霜、精油和軟膏。在尤那尼醫學,若缺乏樟樹可用印度簕竹(Bambusa arundinacea Willd)和檀香(Santalum album)取代[2]

 

樟樹在阿育吠陀醫學(Ayurvedic medicine)主治支氣管炎、感冒、鼻塞、腹瀉、痢疾、水腫、流感、打嗝、消化不良、月經過多、鬱悶、肌肉緊繃、噁心、嘔吐和肝臟問題,也能促進新陳代謝和強化心臟。在生產和經痛時能幫助子宮收縮。外用能減少痛感和頭痛。尤那尼醫學記載有助於腦部和心臟,以及咳嗽的治療[13]

 

驅蟲

 

印度樟樹葉片水萃取物在劑量50 mg/ml時能有效驅蟲,包含蚯蚓(Pheretima posthuma)、絛蟲(Raillietina spiralis)、雞蛔蟲(Ascaridia galli) [5]

 

改善呼吸道疾病

 

Soledum ®是德國的許可藥品,可用於呼吸道的疾病,如感冒,支氣管炎或鼻竇炎,桉葉油醇是它的有效成分。體外研究指出[14],桉葉油醇能減少負責分泌黏液的杯狀細胞(goblet cells)數,並降低黏液基因MUC2MUC19的表現量。桉葉油醇能改善呼吸道的纖毛運動,有溶解黏液和肌肉鬆弛的能力[15-16]

 

提高性慾

 

24隻公大鼠分成4組,每日注射劑量12.5-50 mg/kg(基底:橄欖油)樟腦持續7天的公大鼠能增加性慾。樟腦可能有使血液內睪固酮(testosterone)濃度上升並調控交感神經的功效[17]

 

抗發炎

 

韓國樟樹葉片80%甲醇萃取物在細胞實驗發現具有抗發炎功效[18],濃度100μg/ml時能抑制多種發炎因子,例如:IL-1IL-6 TNF-α。精油能抗菌以及抗發炎,可使傷口癒合,治發燒、寄生蟲、頭痛和月經不適[2]

 

抑制過敏

 

細胞實驗(U266 cells)證明日本樟樹葉片甲醇萃取物能抑制免疫球蛋白E (ImmunoglobulinIgE)的分泌,可能有抗過敏的潛力[19]

 

抗真菌、細菌

 

台灣芳樟葉片、枝條和花的精油都有抗真菌能力,又以葉片的效果最好[11]10 μL的羅文莎葉地上部分水蒸餾精油能有效抑制枯草桿菌(Bacillus subtilis)和金黃色葡萄球菌[20],抑菌圈分別有1923 mm;使用的精油含49.5% 桉葉油醇和34.1% 檸烯。

 

保肝

 

印度樟樹葉片精油在4000ppm時可有效抑制黃麴菌(Aspergillus flavus) [21]。黃麴菌代謝產生的黃麴毒素B1 (aflatoxin-B1)有肝毒性,是國際癌症研究署(IARC)分類中的一級致癌物[22]

 

可能風險

 

腹腔注射羅文莎葉精油450-675 µl/kg,大鼠沒有急性中毒徵狀[23]。印度樟樹劑量過高的副作用可能會有腎臟、膀胱和性慾等問題。配方中可添加番紅花(Crocus sativus)、麝香(Moschus)或庫拉索蘆薈(Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f.) 降低副作用。[2]

 

小鼠研究顯示100mg/kg b.w.劑量的天然來源樟樹沒有毒性,但人工合成的在相同劑量有中毒及行為異樣,例如:肌躍型抽搐(body jerks)、躬身[24]。這是因為天然樟樹的樟腦只有D(D-camphor),但人工合成有等量的D型樟腦和L型樟腦,L型樟腦毒性較高,使合成樟腦毒性大於天然樟腦。

 

在成人身上的致死劑量約是2-20g[25]。樟腦對成人和小孩來說,都是居家護理良藥,但也正因為如此,所以易被誤食而常有中毒事件發生[24]

 

體外研究發現,樟腦-氯仿(chloroform)混合液會降低精子活動力和生存力。相較於正常情況下,精子活動力和生存力約在75-77%1%的樟腦經150秒後只剩17-19%。可能是樟腦使蛋白質和脂肪酸失活或果糖濃度下降,使得能量合成路徑受阻,導致精子活動和生存力變差[26]

 

36隻懷孕大鼠持續3周的研究顯示腹腔注射樟腦會使懷孕大鼠子宮型態改變,劑量越高,帶來的負面影響越嚴重,因此依照研究結果的趨勢,更高劑量的樟腦(> 20 mg樟腦/ kg b.w./ 5/)可能會影響生殖系統,造成流產[27]

 

即使是麻醉後的大鼠,羅文莎葉精油在大鼠研究中腹腔注射525 μl/kg仍能誘發似癲癇的腦波[23]。使用的精油主成分有桉葉油醇(73.01%)、樟腦(9.18%)α-萜品醇(α-terpineol2.14%)

 

315公斤的女嬰在父親塗擦胸部1茶匙19%樟腦油以舒緩鼻塞後,20分鐘內引發癲癇;15個月大10公斤男嬰誤食20ml樟腦油10分鐘後產生癲癇[28]

 

【芳療功效】

 

美國FDA核准樟腦濃度低於11%的產品可外用於皮膚[29]

 

桉葉油醇對組織胺引起的過敏也有效果,能抑制組織胺誘發的平滑肌收縮。抑制原理可能是因為桉葉油醇能和組織胺競爭組織胺受體,使組織胺的訊息傳遞中斷,避免之後的過敏反應[15]。吸嗅過超音波噴霧器(ultrasonic nebulizer) 1mg/mL桉葉油醇15分鐘的豚鼠,能減少因氣管過敏引起的收縮、發炎細胞數、發炎因子TNF-αIL-1,並降低黏液纖毛(mucociliary)功能受到的傷害,維持呼吸道健康[16]

 

43位有長期過敏性鼻炎的病患使用Puressentiel公司含羅文莎葉、玫瑰天竺葵、澳洲尤加利和綠花白千層4種精油的鼻噴劑4周每日2[30],結果病患自評和測量鼻吸氣最大氣流(Nasal inspiratory peak flow)顯示能有效緩解鼻炎症狀,且過程中沒有副作用。

 

 

參考資料:

(1)https://madagascar-tourisme.com/en/what-to-do/fauna-and-flora/ravintsara/

(2)Alam, Khurshid & Nawab, Mohammad & Kazmi, Munawwar. (2020). Pharmacological and Therapeutic profile of Kafur (Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J. Presl)- A Review. Hippocratic J. Unani Med, 14(3), 1-16.

(3)Nadkarni, K.M. (2010) Indian Materia Medica, Papular Prakashan, Bombay, Vol. I, pp. 250-253.

(4)Behra, O., Rakotoarison, C., & Harris, R. (2001). Ravintsara vs ravensara a taxonomic clarification. International Journal of Aromatherapy, 11(1), 4-7.

(5)Rabiul, H., Subhasish, M., & Parag, G. (2011). Investigation of in vitro anthelmintic activity of Cinnamomum Camphor leaves. International Journal of Drug Development & Research, 3(1), 301-306.

(6)Stubbs, B. J., & Brushett, D. (2001). Leaf Oil of Cinnamomum camphors (L.) Nees and Eberm. from Eastern Australia. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 13(1), 51-54.

(7)Stubbs, B. J., Specht, A., & Brushett, D. (2004). The essential oil of Cinnamomum camphora (L.) Nees and Eberm.—variation in oil composition throughout the tree in two chemotypes from eastern Australia. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 16(1), 9-14.

(8)Chalchat, J. C., & Valade, I. (2000). Chemical composition of leaf oils of Cinnamomum from Madagascar: C. zeylanicum Blume, C. camphora L., C. fragrans Baillon and C. angustifolium. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 12(5), 537-540.

(9)Jeannot, V., Roger, B., Chahboun, J., & Baret, P. (2007). Ravintsara (Cinnamomum camphora (L.) Presl.) essential oil and hydrolat in therapeutics. The International Journal of Essential Oil Therapeutics, 1, 35-38.

(10)Chen, H. P., Yang, K., You, C. X., Lei, N., Sun, R. Q., Geng, Z. F., ... & Deng, Z. W. (2014). Chemical constituents and insecticidal activities of the essential oil of Cinnamomum camphora leaves against Lasioderma serricorne. Journal of chemistry, 2014.

(11)Ho, C. L., Eugene, I., Wang, C., & Su, Y. C. (2009). Essential oil compositions and bioactivities of the various parts of Cinnamomum camphora Sieb. var. linaloolifera Fujuta. 林業研究季刊, 31(2), 77-95.

(12)郑红富, 廖圣良, 范国荣, 王宗德, 陈尚钘, & 司红燕. (2019). 水蒸气蒸馏提取芳樟精油及其抑菌活性研究. 林产化学与工业, 39(3), 108-114.

(13)Singh, R., & Jawaid, T. (2012). Cinnamomum camphora (Kapur). Pharmacognosy Journal, 4(28), 1-5.

(14)Sudhoff, H., Klenke, C., Greiner, J. F., Müller, J., Brotzmann, V., Ebmeyer, J., ... & Kaltschmidt, C. (2015). 1, 8-Cineol reduces mucus-production in a novel human ex vivo model of late rhinosinusitis. PLoS One, 10(7), e0133040.

(15)Juergens, U. R. (2014). Anti-inflammatory properties of the monoterpene 1.8-cineole: current evidence for co-medication in inflammatory airway diseases. Drug research, 64(12), 638-646.

(16)Bastos, V. P., Gomes, A. S., Lima, F. J., Brito, T. S., Soares, P. M., Pinho, J. P., ... & Magalhães, P. J. (2011). Inhaled 1, 8‐cineole reduces inflammatory parameters in airways of Ovalbumin‐challenged Guinea Pigs. Basic & clinical pharmacology & toxicology, 108(1), 34-39.

(17)Jamshidzadeh, A., Sajedianfard, J., Nekooeian, A. A., Tavakoli, F., & Omrani, G. H. (2006). Effects of camphor on sexual behaviors in male rats. Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2(4), 209-214.

(18)Lee, H. J., Hyun, E. A., Yoon, W. J., Kim, B. H., Rhee, M. H., Kang, H. K., ... & Yoo, E. S. (2006). In vitro anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects of Cinnamomum camphora extracts. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 103(2), 208-216.

(19)Tanabe, H., Fukutomi, R., Yasui, K., Kaneko, A., Imai, S., Nakayama, T., & Isemura, M. (2011). Identification of Dimethylmatairesinol as an Immunoglobulin E-suppressing Component of the Leaves of Cinnamomum camphora. Journal of Health Science, 57(2), 184-187.

(20)Costa, R., Pizzimenti, F., Marotta, F., Dugo, P., Santi, L., & Mondello, L. (2010). Volatiles from steam-distilled leaves of some plant species from Madagascar and New Zealand and evaluation of their biological activity. Natural product communications, 5(11), 1934578X1000501123.

(21)Mishra, A. K., Dwivedi, S. K., Kishore, N., & Dubey, N. K. (1991). Fungistatic properties of essential oil of Cinnamomum camphora. International journal of pharmacognosy, 29(4), 259-262.

(22)Yue, P. K., Wong, Y. Y., Wong, K. K., Tsoi, Y. K., & Leung, K. Y. (2013). Current evidence for the hepatoprotective activities of the medicinal mushroom Antrodia cinnamomea. Chinese medicine, 8(1), 1-7.

(23)Grbić, G., Ćulić, M., Martać, L., Soković, M., Spasić, S., & Đoković, D. (2008). Effect of camphor essential oil on rat cerebral cortex activity as manifested by fractal dimension changes. Archives of Biological Sciences, 60(4), 547-553.

(24)Zuccarini, P. (2009). Camphor: risks and benefits of a widely used natural product. Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management, 13(2).

(25)Khare, C. P. (2008). Indian medicinal plants: an illustrated dictionary. Springer Science & Business Media.

(26)Jadhav, M. V., Sharma, R. C., Rathore, M., & Gangawane, A. K. (2010). Effect of Cinnamomum camphora on human sperm motility and sperm viability. J Clin Res Lett, 1(1), 01-10.

(27)Linjawi, S. A. (2009). Effect of camphor on uterus histology of pregnant rats. Journal of King Abdulaziz University-Medical Sciences, 16(2), 77-90.

(28)Bahr, T. A., Rodriguez, D., Beaumont, C., & Allred, K. (2019). The effects of various essential oils on epilepsy and acute seizure: a systematic review. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2019.

(29)Committee on Drugs. (1994). Camphor revisited: focus on toxicity. Pediatrics, 94(1), 127-128.

(30)Caimmi, D., Neukirch, C., Louis, R., Malard, O., Thabut, G., & Demoly, P. (2021). Effect of the Use of Intranasal Spray of Essential Oils in Patients with Perennial Allergic Rhinitis: A Prospective Study. International archives of allergy and immunology, 182(3), 182-189.

 

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