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貞潔樹(Chaste treeVitex agnus-castus)

 

馬鞭草科/唇形科(Verbenaceae/Lamiaceae)

牡荊/黃荊屬(Vitex)

學名:Vitex agnus-castus

別名:聖潔莓

貞潔樹.jpg

圖:貞潔樹 (Vitex agnus-castus)[1]

 

Agnóscastus在希臘和拉丁語都有貞潔(pure)之意[2]。貞潔樹原生於地中海沿岸、中亞和印度[3],做為傳統草藥至少已有2000年歷史,自古即用在婦科治療[4]

 

【生理活性】

 

希臘克里特島(Crete)貞潔樹熟果蒸餾精油含香檜烯(sabinene24.16%)、桉葉油醇(1,8-cineole19.61%)α-蒎烯(α-pinene6.61%)β-金合歡烯(β-farnesene6.18%)。土耳其貞潔樹地上部分(主要是葉片)蒸餾精油有桉葉油醇(25.16%)、香檜烯(20.71%)α-蒎烯(16.6%)β-金合歡烯(11.25%)β-石竹烯 (β-caryophyllene7.78%) [5]

 

土耳其貞潔樹果蒸餾精油包含反式-石竹烯(trans-caryophyllene19.17%)、香檜烯(18.05%)、桉葉油醇(16.13%)α-乙酸萜品酯(α-terpinyl Acetate6.91%) [4]。伊朗貞潔樹葉片精油成分為α-蒎烯(14.83%)、檸烯(limonene10.29%)β-石竹烯(6.9%)[6]

 

民俗療法

 

喝種子製成的飲品,能減少性慾。果實長久用於治療婦科疾病,例如:經前症候群。德國草藥委員會(German Commission E)表示以50-70%酒精製成的萃取物,口服等同每日30-40mg貞潔樹的劑量可治經期異常、經前症候群和乳腺痛(mastodynia)。多數臨床研究使用的口服劑量4mg酒精萃取物,即是根據德國草藥委員會(1992)和歐洲植物治療專論(ESCOP monograph (2003))建議劑量在10倍濃縮萃取下換算而得。[3]

 

也有用在治療青春痘、黏膜炎、霍亂、腹瀉、耳疾、發燒、頭痛、心和肝臟疾病、痔瘡、反胃、瘧疾、風濕、潰瘍和皮膚病。土耳其民間用藥以果實驅風、止痛、鎮靜、利尿;種子和幼苗口服治胃痛。[4]

 

降低泌乳素

 

泌乳素過高可能導致沒有月經或不孕。動物研究推測指稱,貞潔樹果作用於下視丘和腦垂體,與腦垂體前葉的多巴胺受體(dopamine receptor)結合,可促使泌乳素(prolactin)減少[7-9]。後來研究發現貞潔樹中能結合多巴胺受體的這些高活性類多巴胺分子是clerodadienol雙萜類物質,包含clerodadien-13-olclerodatrien-13-ol [10]。但在人體臨床上,尚未有直接證據能定論[3]

 

增加褪黑激素

 

20位健康男性的臨床試驗指出,攝取70%酒精貞潔樹果萃取物120-480 mg/day連續14天,能顯著增加褪黑激素分泌,且呈劑量關係、不影響生理時鐘,有改善失眠的潛力[11]

 

緩解經前症候群

 

178名女性參與試驗,實驗組每日攝取貞潔樹果60% (w/w)酒精萃取物20mg (等同180mg貞潔樹),能有效改善經前症候群[12]162名遭遇經前症候群的女性(18-45)隨機分成4[13],在3次月經週期中每日1次分別攝取82030mg的貞潔樹果60% (w/w)酒精萃取物或安慰劑,結果每天攝取20mg能有效緩解經前症候群。雖然8mg可顯著改善脹奶不適,但綜合效果並不明顯;30mg的效果打折,因此20mg的攝取量較為理想。

 

長期經前症候群且偏頭痛的107位平均35.6歲女性,持續3個月每天口服4mg的貞潔樹果70%酒精萃取物(BNO 1095),自評改善經前症候群的效果,結果66位表示顯著改善,26位輕微,8位無差異。每日偏頭痛情況,72位覺得有減少,18位無差異,10位惡化。過程中沒有明顯副作用,有4位因輕微副作用提早退出[14]

 

緩和乳腺(胸部)

 

土耳其114位未滿40歲的週期性乳腺痛(mastalgia)女性患者,每日1次口服40mg貞潔樹萃取物持續3個月,或止痛藥氟比洛芬(flurbiprofen) 200mg/天。結果2組皆能有效緩和乳腺痛,且2組療效無明顯差異[15]

 

黃體不足

 

當卵巢排卵後,黃體分泌的黃體酮(progesterone)不足,使子宮內膜發展遲滯,不利受精卵著床,可能導致不孕[316-18]48位黃體酮較低(7-12 ng/ml)且體溫升高期較短的女性,經每日攝取401.5%濃度的貞潔樹68%酒精萃取物持續3個月,有25位血液黃體酮濃度恢復正常值,7位朝正常值發展,7位已懷孕[3]

 

恢復月經

 

20位月經中斷女性經每日攝取401.5%濃度的貞潔樹68%酒精萃取物後,有10位恢復月經[3]。研究結束時,有15位攝取時間至少超過半年。

 

改善月經次數過少

 

若月經間隔超過35天則可稱月經次數過少(oligomenorrhea)。文獻紀載9位月經過少女性在攝取貞潔樹萃取物後有6位恢復正常周期[3]。另一篇描述35位月經過少女性,每日3次攝取15滴貞潔樹稀釋萃取液,月經間隔從平均39天縮短成31[19]

 

改善月經過多

 

月經過多(polymenorrhea)指月經間隔少於21天。1959年文獻描述33位月經過多女性,每日3次攝取15滴貞潔樹稀釋萃取液,月經間隔從平均20天增加成26[19]

 

經血或經期過長

 

211位月經異常女性,經每日口服20mg貞潔樹果60%酒精萃取物(萃取比6-12:1)(Ze 440)持續3個月後,結果月經異常的情況可改善達79-85%;出血異常狀態能緩解60-88%53位渴望小孩的患者,有12位在研究期間懷孕。有92%患者對結果感到滿意,80%患者會想在研究結束後繼續攝取。副作用發現4例,皆是輕微症狀如皮疹、紅斑、反胃和腹痛[20]

 

增加泌乳

 

產後婦女分成2組,1組口服維生素B1,另1組口服貞潔樹萃取稀釋液15滴每日3次,3個月後雙方互換,結果維生素B1效果不如預期[21]。後續和一般產後婦女相比顯示,口服貞潔樹在產後第2周開始的泌乳量即明顯較多。貞潔樹在研究過程中產生的副作用有皮疹和提早月經。

 

研究顯示,每日3次攝取40滴貞潔樹稀釋萃取液可增加泌乳量[3]。其他研究發現,低劑量增加泌乳,高劑量則會抑制[22]

 

改善泌乳素瘤

 

1名患有高泌乳素血症(hyperprolactinemia)和腦垂體腺瘤(pituitary adenoma)的患者拒絕傳統多巴胺受體促效劑(dopamine agonists)治療,改用貞潔樹萃取稀釋液20滴每日2次持續3個月,結果泌乳素有稍微降低,從2207 mU/l降至1766 mU/l,但病徵未改善[23]6個月後追蹤情況,MRI顯示腺瘤無差異。

 

118歲已有2年月經過少及9個月無月經的少女前往醫療機構諮詢,經檢查發現還有溢乳症(galactorrhoea),血液中泌乳素濃度達2166 IU/l (正常值: 80-600 IU/l),濾泡刺激素(FSH)和雌激素偏低[24]6個月後她表示月經恢復到正常28天週期且沒有溢乳現象,泌乳素也降到1588 IU/lMRI顯示有2mm腦垂體腺瘤。原來在檢查之前她曾因皮膚問題已口服3個月的1.5%貞潔樹68% (v/v)酒精萃取稀釋液15/天。

 

可能風險

 

副作用整體發生機率低且症狀輕微,最常發生的是皮疹。綜合大多數研究,超過6000位女性暴露於貞潔樹的使用情境下,使用者多正值生育年齡,平均約30初,結果可見貞潔樹對成年女性無害,僅有極少數可能發生零星副作用。由於貞潔樹主要功效為緩解經前症候群、能刺激月經以及對嬰兒風險未知,所以不建議懷孕和哺乳期間使用,但考量貞潔樹在婦科護理的普遍性,應該有不少女性在懷孕前期的未知情況下也正在使用[25][3]

 

【芳療功效】

 

52位有更年期前期和更年期症候群的女性(前期:31、後期:11、子宮切除:10)使用1.5%貞潔樹精油(蒸餾地上部分)乳膏2.5ml外用皮膚每天1次,每周5-7天持續3個月,結果33%明顯改善,36%輕微或中度改善,7.5%無差異,23.5%反而惡化[26]

 

23位更年期前期和更年期婦女自願者,選用貞潔樹果或葉片精油3個月後,自評使用前後於更年期9大症狀變化,結論2種精油的多數使用者都認為能對病症帶來足夠幫助[5]

 

 

參考資料:

(1)Zahid, H., Rizwani, G. H., & Ishaqe, S. (2016). Phytopharmacological review on Vitex agnus-castus: a potential medicinal plant. Chinese Herbal Medicines, 8(1), 24-29.

(2)http://www.hellenicaworld.com/Science/Biology/gr/Lygaria.html

(3)European Medicines Agency (EMA) Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products (HMPC). Assessment report on Vitex agnus-castus L., fructus. 2018;EMA/HMPC/606741/2018: 1–45

(4)Eryigit, T., Çig, A., Okut, N., Yildirim, B., & Ekici, K. (2015). Evaluation of chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Vitex agnus castus L. fruits’ essential oils from west Anatolia, Turkey. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants, 18(1), 208-214.

(5)Lucks, B. C., Sørensen, J., & Veal, L. (2002). Vitex agnus-castus essential oil and menopausal balance: a self-care survey. Complementary Therapies in Nursing and Midwifery, 8(3), 148-154.

(6)Khalilzadeh, E., Saiah, G. V., Hasannejad, H., Ghaderi, A., Ghaderi, S., Hamidian, G., ... & Zangisheh, M. (2015). Antinociceptive effects, acute toxicity and chemical composition of Vitex agnus-castus essential oil. Avicenna journal of phytomedicine, 5(3), 218.

(7)Jarry, H., Leonhardt, S., Gorkow, C. H., & Wuttke, W. (1994). In vitro prolactin but not LH and FSH release is inhibited by compounds in extracts of Agnus castus: direct evidence for a dopaminergic principle by the dopamine receptor assay. Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes, 102(06), 448-454.

(8)Sliutz, G., Speiser, P., Schultz, A. M., Spona, J., & Zeillinger, R. (1993). Agnus castus extracts inhibit prolactin secretion of rat pituitary cells. Hormone and metabolic research, 25(05), 253-255.

(9)Wuttke, W., Gorkow, C. H., & Jarry, H. (1995). Dopaminergic compounds in Vitex agnus castus. In Phytopharmaka in Forschung und klinischer Anwendung (pp. 81-91). Steinkopff.

(10)Wuttke, W., Jarry, H., Christoffel, V., Spengler, B., & Seidlova-Wuttke, D. (2003). Chaste tree (Vitex agnus-castus)–pharmacology and clinical indications. Phytomedicine, 10(4), 348-357.

(11)Dericks-Tan, J. S. E., Schwinn, P., & Hildt, C. (2003). Dose-dependent stimulation of melatonin secretion after administration of Agnus castus. Experimental and clinical endocrinology & diabetes, 111(01), 44-46.

(12)Schellenberg, R. (2001). Treatment for the premenstrual syndrome with agnus castus fruit extract: prospective, randomised, placebo controlled study. Bmj, 322(7279), 134-137.

(13)Schellenberg, R., Zimmermann, C., Drewe, J., Hoexter, G., & Zahner, C. (2012). Dose-dependent efficacy of the Vitex agnus castus extract Ze 440 in patients suffering from premenstrual syndrome. Phytomedicine, 19(14), 1325-1331.

(14)Ambrosini, A., Di Lorenzo, C., Coppola, G., & Pierelli, F. (2013). Use of Vitex agnus-castus in migrainous women with premenstrual syndrome: an open-label clinical observation. Acta Neurologica Belgica, 113(1), 25-29.

(15)Dinç, T., & Coşkun, F. (2014). Comparison of fructus agni casti and flurbiprofen in the treatment of cyclic mastalgia in premenopausal women. Turkish Journal of Surgery/Ulusal cerrahi dergisi, 30(1), 34.

(16)Weidner, N., Cote, R. J., Suster, S., & Weiss, L. M. (2009). Modern Surgical Pathology E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences.

(17)Sprayberry, K. A., & Robinson, N. E. (2014). Robinson's Current Therapy in Equine Medicine-E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences.

(18)Harlow, S. D., Windham, G. C., & Paramsothy, P. (2000). Menstruation and menstrual disorders. In Women and health.

(19)Bleier, W. (1959). Therapie von Zyklus-und Blutungsstörungen und weiteren endokrin bedingten Erkrankungen der Frau mit pflanzlichen Wirkstoffen. Zentralblatt für Gynäkologie, 81, 701-709.

(20)Eltbogen, R., Litschgi, M., Gasser, U., Nebel, S., & Zahner, C. (2014). Vitex agnus-castus extract (Ze 440) improves symptoms in women with menstrual cycle irregularities. Planta Medica, 80(16), SL19.

(21)Mohr, H. (1954). Klinische Untersuchungen zur Steigerung der Laktation1. DMW-Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift, 79(41), 1513-1516.

(22)Merz, P. G., Gorkow, C., Schrödter, A., Rietbrock, S., Sieder, C., Loew, D., ... & Taubert, H. D. (1996). The effects of a special Agnus castus extract (BP1095E1) on prolactin secretion in healthy male subjects. Experimental and clinical endocrinology & diabetes, 104(06), 447-453.

(23)Tamagno, G., Burlacu, M. C., Daly, A. F., & Beckers, A. (2007). Vitex agnus castus might enrich the pharmacological armamentarium for medical treatment of prolactinoma. European Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, 135(1), 139-140.

(24)Gallagher, J., Lynch, F. W., & Barragry, J. (2008). A prolactinoma masked by a herbal remedy. European Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, 137(2), 257-258.

(25)Dugoua, J. J., Seely, D., Perri, D., Koren, G., & Mills, E. (2008). Safety and efficacy of chastetree (Vitex agnus-castus) during pregnancy and lactation. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 15(1).

(26)Lucks, B. C. (2003). Vitex agnus castus essential oil and menopausal balance: a research update [Complementary Therapies in Nursing and Midwifery 8 (2003) 148–154]. Complementary Therapies in Nursing and Midwifery, 9(3), 157-160.

 

 

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