迷迭香(Rosemary，Rosmarinus Officinalis)
品種分類
唇形科(Lamiaceae) 迷迭香屬(Rosmarinus)
學名：Rosmarinus Officinalis
中文名：原生迷迭香、直立迷迭香
圖1：迷迭香(Rosmarinus Officinalis)#1
其它品種：
迷迭香品種多樣，依生長方式主要可分為直立性和匍匐性。開的花也不一樣，例如albus品種開白花；Collingwood Ingram和Creeping是深藍色；Majorca Pink的花呈粉紅色；Officinalis和Tuscan Blue花色則有藍有紫。#2
【生理活性】
抗氧化
許多疾病發生的起因都來自於氧化壓力，例如糖尿病和癌症#3-4。迷迭香精油的酚二萜烯類成分(phenolic diterpenes)如鼠尾草酸(carnosic acid)、鼠尾草酚(carnosol)和迷迭香酸(rosmarinic acid)都是很強的抗氧化成分#5-7。實驗顯示迷迭香精油或萃取物可預防或破壞自由基，獲得抗氧化效果#8-9，並避免油脂的過氧化反應#10-11。迷迭香除了可減少體內活性氧物質(reactive oxygen species)，也發現能增加抗氧化酵素的活性#12。實際上，迷迭香的抗氧化活性可能是發揮其它生理活性的基礎#10。
抗菌
迷迭香證明能抑制大腸桿菌(Escherichia coli)、李斯特菌(Listeria monocytogenes)和金黃色葡萄球菌( Staphylococcus aureus)等微生物的生長#13-15。除了這些，迷迭香的抗菌力還不僅如此，有篇研究指出迷迭香可藉由減少或克服細菌細胞膜的阻隔性(impermeability)，抑制某些具抗藥性的超級細菌生長#14，也有研究指迷迭香精油可降低有些細菌的抗藥性#15。迷迭香優異的抗細菌力也常使用在食物抗菌上#10,13,16-17，甚至在一些情況可取代人造防腐劑的添加#17-18。
迷迭香能抗細菌，也可抗真菌。迷迭香精油利用破壞真菌細胞結構和改變細胞膜穿透性等方式避免白色念珠菌(Candida albicans)的感染#19，即便是高抗藥性的念珠菌也可見顯著效果#20。
抗癌
在人類癌細胞株的研究，鼠尾草酸、鼠尾草酚和迷迭香酸這些成分可觸發癌細胞的凋亡#4, 21-23，其中鼠尾草酸看起來是效果最好的成分#4, 23。迷迭香萃取物同樣有抗癌潛力，一項小鼠實驗顯示，萃取物可避免致癌物和表皮細胞DNA鍵結#24。
抗糖尿病
在一項包含血糖正常、高血糖和糖尿病兔子的研究，迷迭香萃取物可降低血糖、抑制脂肪過氧化、活化抗氧化酵素以及促進胰島素分泌#3。另一研究發現，迷迭香能緩和因糖尿病導致的傷口癒合龜速，加速癒合#25。正常和有糖尿病的大鼠，每日口服迷迭香萃取物具有降血糖和降血脂功效#26。
抗憂鬱
在小鼠身上發現有抗憂鬱效果#27-31，迷迭香可促進腦內多巴胺、血清素、正腎上腺素和膽鹼相關功能的表現，這或許便是迷迭香為何能抗憂鬱的原因#27-29。一般認為在迷迭香精油或萃取物中發揮抗憂鬱效果的成分有鼠尾草酚、樺木酸(betulinic acid)、熊果酸(ursolic acid)和多酚類#27,29-30。
保護神經
乙醯膽鹼酯酵素(Acetylcholine-Cholinesterase、AChE)和丁醯膽鹼酯酵素(Butyryl Cholinesterase、BChE)這兩種酵素會降解大腦的神經傳導物質(乙醯膽鹼)，乙醯膽鹼濃度過低可能導致失智，迷迭香能抑制這兩種酵素活性，延緩乙醯膽鹼降解速度，改善失智症狀，其中發揮功效的活性成分可能來自於迷迭香酸和萜烯類(terpene)化合物#32-33。增加膽鹼濃度除了可改善失智，也能減少記憶流失、焦慮和憂鬱情緒#34-35。
有兩篇研究和迷迭香保護神經的功效相關，一篇指出迷迭香的多酚成分能抑制神經退化性疾病有關的熱休克蛋白質#36，另一篇作者總結迷迭香可促進神經生長因子的合成，增加神經生長因子能改善失智或其它神經退化性病症#37。
抗發炎
組織發炎時，白血球會遷移至發炎位置，實驗顯示迷迭香精油和萃取物都會限制白血球的遷移，達到抗發炎效果#38-40。迷迭香萃取物也能抑制某些促進發炎的物質，例如：一氧化氮和發炎相關基因#39-41。事實上，根據實驗，純鼠尾草酸和鼠尾草酚成分，抗發炎效果比常見的抗發炎藥物，Indomethacin，還要優異9倍#39。迷迭香的酒水萃取物和精油可緩解大鼠的腸道發炎#42。
抗肥胖
研究指出鼠尾草酸能抑制脂肪生成#43。迷迭香萃取物可限制腸道內脂肪的吸收，這可能是透過抑制胰脂肪酵素所產生的結果#44(胰脂肪酵素幫助消化脂肪)。另外，迷迭香萃取物也可能藉由抑制二醯基油脂醯基轉移酵素(diacylglycerol acyltransferase，負責合成三酸甘油酯)，阻止脂肪合成#45。
其它
有研究指迷迭香粉末能改善公雞因年老導致的生育力下降#46。灌食過迷迭香精油的大鼠，再注射肝損傷劑24小時後解剖，發現肝損傷程度減少，且抗氧化酵素活性比未服用迷迭香的大鼠高，表示迷迭香精油可能有潛在護肝功效#47。在民俗療法可能使用在燒燙傷、頭皮濕疹或刺激生髮#10。
【芳療功效】
一項包含79名青少年參與的實驗結果#48，吸入迷迭香和薰衣草精油可顯著增加短期圖像記憶，換記憶數字時，迷迭香表現出類似結果，但薰衣草反而造成記憶衰退，這可能和薰衣草香氣讓人放鬆(sedative)#49，迷迭香總使人亢奮(stimulant)相關#50。在28位平均75歲的年長者研究顯示，每天口服750毫克迷迭香粉末對記憶有幫助，若吃6000毫克則有負面影響#51。小鼠在吸嗅過迷迭香精油後，能有效消除疲憊，恢復活力#52。人的吸嗅迷迭香精油臨床試驗結果發現，吸聞後有舒緩焦慮、降低痛覺的功效#1, 53。
[momo] Amour 迷迭香精油 10ml(100% pure essential oil 單方精油)
[momo] Ausgarden 澳維花園 迷迭香元氣滿分精油超值4入組(迷迭香精油50mlX2+元氣舒涼滾珠10mlX2)
[momo] Bonnie House 植享家有機迷迭香精油5mlx2入組
[momo] 原木香 迷迭香精油 10ml(迷迭香精油 迷迭香 桉油醇迷迭香 桉油醇 摩洛哥 天然精油)
https://www1.gamepark.com.tw/31XYE
【料理應用】
牛肉在高溫油烹調時加入迷迭香，研究顯示除了增加風味，還可抑制油耗味(醛類分子)，會另外產生甜果香(酯類分子)和花香(酯類、醇類)，但梅納反應(Maillard reaction)產生的分子則變少，也就是肉味(呋喃類)、燒烤香氣(硫醇類)會比未加迷迭香時淡#54。抗氧化物使用在高溫食品料理上，通常預期都會抑制梅納反應和油脂氧化#55。由於迷迭香的抗氧化特性，它已被使用在多種肉品的保存和品質提升，除了牛肉#56-57，還有豬肉#58-62和雞肉#63-68，得到抗氧化、抑菌和穩定油脂等效果。
不過是不是只要使用有抗氧化特性的植物都能產生相同結果呢？那也不見得，一篇丹麥的研究表示#69在保存豬肉餅期間，分別添加迷迭香、奧勒岡和大蒜精油，結果顯示12天過後，迷迭香和奧勒岡精油能減少蛋白質(硫醇基團)氧化，但大蒜精油反而增加氧化，比不添加還慘。作者認為可能是大蒜所含分子diallyl trisulfide，在富含鐵離子環境下還原會產生高濃度自由基，也可能是大蒜因有大量含硫成分，所以易和蛋白質的硫醇反應造成氧化，Nagy的研究#70便說明大蒜素(allicin)會和硫醇反應。
迷迭香也使用在動物的飼養上，實驗顯示羔羊(lamb)吃含有迷迭香的飼料，製成的肉排能保存更久，且更能有效改善肉品存放期間油脂氧化、外觀褐化、油耗味和微生物生長等衰敗現象#71，另一研究餵食豬隻含維他命E的飼料也有類似結果#72。在小母牛的研究顯示#73，餵食含有多酚類、丁香和迷迭香精油的飼料後，除了減少油脂氧化和顏色轉變，還能增加肉的抗氧化力，且在烹調時更能鎖住肉汁。
迷迭香除和多種肉類搭配料理，和豆類、奶油、蛋類、橄欖油、馬鈴薯、蒜頭、檸檬、番茄、洋蔥以及燒烤、燉煮和地中海料理搭配也很合適。
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