鼠尾草(Sage，Salvia officinalis)
唇形科(Lamiaceae)鼠尾草屬(Salvia)
學名：Salvia officinalis
中文名：(普通)鼠尾草
圖1：鼠尾草(Salvia officinalis)#1
【生理活性】
根據多項研究結果，鼠尾草精油成分包含冰片(borneol)、樟腦(camphor)、石竹烯(caryophyllene)、桉葉油醇(cineole)、欖烯(elemene)、蛇麻烯(humulene)、ledene、蒎烯 (pinene)和側柏酮(thujone)。鼠尾草酒精和水萃取物主要的黃酮類成分有迷迭香酸(rosmarinic acid) 和木犀草素-7-O-葡萄糖苷(luteolin-7-glucoside)#1。若以不同萃取部分探討，使用酒精萃取時，花部有最高比率的α-蒎烯 和1,8-桉葉油醇；最高比率的芳樟醇(linalool)出現在莖部；其他多數成分，例如樟腦、檸烯(limonene)、崁烯(camphene)、α-蛇麻烯和側柏酮等，在葉子佔的比率最多#2。不過萃取物成分可能因品種、生長環境、萃取製程和儲存方式等因素而產生極大差異#3，即便是同批成品，經分裝後的成分也不見得一樣。
民俗療法
亞洲和拉丁美洲地區，民眾使用鼠尾草治療癲癇(seizure)、潰瘍(ulcers)、痛風(gout)、風濕(rheumatism)、發炎、眩暈(dizziness)、顫抖(tremor)、麻痺(paralysis)、腹瀉(diarrhea)和高血糖(hyperglycemia)。在歐洲，則會用來緩解消化不良(例如火燒心(heartburn)或脹氣(bloating))、多汗、老年認知障礙、喉嚨和皮膚的發炎等#1。德國草藥委員會(German Commission E)認可鼠尾草外用能治療喉嚨和鼻發炎，內服可治療消化不良和多汗，但懷孕期間不應吃鼠尾草精油或酒精萃取物#4。
抗氧化
大鼠喝含有鼠尾草的水能幫助肝細胞對抗氧化壓力，且抗氧化酵素的活性明顯提高，DNA的氧化損傷也有減少趨勢#5-6。鼠尾草的抗氧化功效主要來自鼠尾草酚(carnosol) 迷迭香酸和鼠尾草酸(carnosic acid) 3成分的貢獻#7。鼠尾草酚消除自由基能力和維他命E相當#8。迷迭香酸衍生物消除超氧化物能力是水溶性維他命E的15-20倍，迷迭香酸在患有糖尿病的大鼠實驗中顯示，有增加多種抗氧化酵素活性的能力#9。槲皮素(quercetin)和芸香苷(rutin)是能在鼠尾草發現的黃酮類成分，他們同樣具有優異抗氧化力#10。
抗菌
鼠尾草精油和酒精萃取物有優秀的抑制細菌能力，研究證實，對蠟樣芽孢桿菌(Bacillus cereus)、巨大芽孢桿菌(Bacillus megaterium)、枯草芽孢桿菌(Bacillus subtilis)、糞腸球菌
(Enterococcus faecalis)李斯特菌(Listeria monocytogenes)和表皮葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus epidermidis)都有很高抑菌力#2, 11-14。除了抑制細菌，對於真菌、病毒和寄生蟲也有抑制效果#15-18。根據研究，可抑制灰葡萄孢菌(Botrytis cinerea)以及眾多念珠菌屬真菌#15, 18。鼠尾草的抑菌力是由於有萜類和相關衍生物的關係，它們能抑制多種細菌和病毒#14, 17。三萜類：齊墩果酸(oleanolic acid)和熊果酸還能抑制多種超級細菌的生長#1, 19。
抗癌
眾多使用細胞和動物模型的研究指出，鼠尾草具有抗癌潛力。曾研究過的細胞有乳癌、子宮頸癌、大腸癌、胰臟癌、喉癌、肺癌、皮膚癌和口腔癌等癌細胞，鼠尾草在這些細胞表現出可能的抗癌潛力#1。抗癌功效可能源於多種成分發揮的效果，研究發現石竹烯和α-蛇麻烯成分能抑制乳癌和大腸癌細胞生長#20。淚杉醇(Manool)可選擇性殺死子宮頸癌細胞和膠質母細胞瘤(glioblastoma)#21。迷迭香酸則早有許多文獻發表，除了在細胞實驗能抑制多種癌細胞生長，小鼠模型中也發現有預防皮膚腫瘤形成的表現#22。另有其他試驗顯示鼠尾草能抑制突變#23-24、保護大鼠避免基因毒性#25以及減少DNA的氧化損傷#26。鼠尾草的抗突變功效歸因於單萜類成分，包括樟腦、側柏酮、檸烯和1,8-桉葉油醇等化合物#23, 27-29。
抗發炎和止痛
發炎和疼痛感是組織損傷的主要徵兆，而多篇研究顯示鼠尾草有抗發炎和止痛的效果#30-38，例如在小鼠研究，鼠尾草酒水萃取物可明顯降低化療引起的神經病變性疼痛(neuropathic pain)#30。另外有研究表示，使用氯仿萃取的鼠尾草萃取物抗發炎效果最佳，反觀甲醇萃取物的效果就不明顯，鼠尾草精油更近似無效，其中指標性成分是熊果酸(ursolic acid)，它的抗發炎效果是發炎治療藥indomethacin的2倍#39。鼠尾草的黃酮類和萜類(terpenes)也有抗發炎和止痛效果#10, 33, 36, 39，這在Mansourabadi的小鼠研究得到證明#33，另外Osakabe研究描述外用迷迭香酸可抑制皮膚發炎#40。淚杉醇、鼠尾草酚和熊果酸這些萜類成分都有抗發炎潛力#34, 36, 39。
改善記憶和認知
在動物#41-43和臨床試驗，分別都有多篇文獻支持鼠尾草萃取物可改善認知和記憶表現的論述。健康的成人臨床試驗指出，鼠尾草精油香氣能幫助人記得未來的待辦事項#44-45。鼠尾草酒精萃取物也有改善健康長者記憶和專注能力的功效#46。給輕度或中度阿茲海默症患者使用鼠尾草酒水萃取物持續4個月療程，結果發現可改善認知功能#47。
降低血糖和血脂
鼠尾草萃取物在正常和糖尿病動物或臨床試驗都顯示可降低血糖#48-52和血脂。在肥胖大鼠實驗指出，鼠尾草萃取除了有降低三酸甘油脂、總膽固醇和壞膽固醇(low density lipoproteins)濃度的效果，還觀察到體重下降和腹部脂肪減少等現象#53，且類似效果也複製在患有糖尿病的大鼠#50-51。而在健康成人、高血脂和糖尿病患者的臨床試驗，同樣有相似結果，能有效改善高血脂，優化脂肪組成#48, 54-56。
可能風險
多數臨床試驗顯示，食用鼠尾草並不會發生嚴重的副作用#47, 54, 56。但若長期吃或短時間大劑量(約對應15公克以上葉子部位)食用鼠尾草精油或酒精萃取物就可能產生一些副作用，例如：嘔吐、流口水、心跳加快、眩暈、熱潮紅、過敏、發青(cyanosis)或抽慉#57-59。鼠尾草精油劑量若超過0.5 g/kg易有促進痙攣(proconvulsant)特性#1，可能刺激癲癇患者發病。樟腦、側柏酮和萜酮類(terpene ketones)成分潛在毒性較高，不宜和胎兒及新生兒接觸，所以在懷孕和哺乳期間並不建議吃鼠尾草#57-60。鼠尾草茶在小鼠身上有促進肝損傷的現象#61，但在人身上未見到#54, 56。
【芳療功效】
根據研究，剖腹產婦女在術後吸入苦橙或鼠尾草精油5分鐘可有效減少焦慮感#62。包含135位健康志願者的臨床研究指出，在記憶力測試前吸嗅鼠尾草精油5分鐘所獲得的結果明顯較佳#63。有研究表示，鼠尾草茶可延緩大鼠體內大腸癌細胞的增生，並減少DNA傷害#64。另一關於6位健康中年婦女飲用鼠尾草茶(4公克乾燥鼠尾草/300毫升沸水，泡5分鐘，每日2次)的研究探討，結果顯示4週後可有效降低血脂、改善脂肪組成以及增加抗氧化酵素的活性，不過對血糖調控沒有幫助#56。
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【料理應用】
一篇餵食石雞(Alectoris chukar)吃含有鼠尾草飼料的研究表示，鼠尾草可顯著減少DNA損傷，且劑量越高，保護效果越好，而其它指標，例如油脂組成、抗氧化力或體重差異，和沒吃鼠尾草的石雞則沒有明顯不同#65。
根據研究，添加鼠尾草精油在豬肉和牛肉中，可減少油脂的過氧化，實驗顯示在料理前後都有相似程度的效果#66-67，也可減少雞絞肉冷藏期間油脂的氧化程度#68。另一火雞肉丸的研究，鼠尾草萃取物可減少肉丸的水活性和pH，並抑制大腸桿菌和其他細菌，延長保存時間，而若和維他命C類似物(Sodium isoascorbate)合併使用效果更佳#69。其它在牛絞肉#70、豬肝醬#71、雞肉丸#72、熟牛肉丸#73、生鮮豬肉香腸#74和中式香腸#75等不同研究標的都有相似結果。
鼠尾草不適合生食，常使用在烤肉、燉煮湯類、海鮮或富含油脂的肉類料理，和巴西里、迷迭香和百里香等香草搭配會更有層次，在希臘、西班牙、地中海或義式料理都很常見到鼠尾草。
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