奧勒岡(Oregano，Origanum vulgar)
唇形科(Lamiaceae) 奧勒岡屬(Origanum)
學名：Origanum vulgar
中文名：奧勒岡、野馬鬱蘭、牛至、披薩草
圖1：奧勒岡(Origanum vulgar)#1
奧勒岡的希臘文意思為山中的愉悅(mountain joy)，在古希臘和羅馬都視為幸福的象徵#1。
【生理活性】
香芹酚(carvacrol)、百里酚(thymol)、檸烯(limonene)、蒎烯(pinene)、羅勒烯 (ocimene)和石竹烯(caryophyllene)等成分構成奧勒岡獨特氣味#1。奧勒岡精油主要是單萜類或其衍生物成分組成，有些研究顯示香芹酚和百里酚可達80%#1，不過就算相同品種，其精油成分的差異還是可能會非常大#2。
民俗療法
奧勒岡會使用於呼吸系統、腸胃道和泌尿道相關病症，還有經痛的舒緩。皮膚外用時可治療青春痘和頭皮屑#1。
抗氧化
奧勒岡精油可預防小鼠腦中多元不飽和脂肪酸的自氧化，主要原因便是有香芹酚和百里酚這些抗氧化物的存在#3。抗氧化試驗中，奧勒岡葉-花精油的抗氧化力表現比根、莖部位還要優異#4。在患有大腸癌的大鼠實驗，奧勒岡水萃取物可提升抗氧化酵素的活性，且能減少脂肪氧化和增加抗氧化力#5。母豬吃含有希臘奧勒岡(O. vulgare subsp. hirtum)的飼料時，小豬血液中有較少的氧化物，DNA損傷降低#6。
抗發炎
人初生的纖維母細胞實驗顯示，奧勒岡精油能抑制發炎反應#7，香芹酚在小鼠發炎模型同樣觀察到有抑制效果#8，同樣的，其他成分p-傘花烴 (p-cymene)#9和β-石竹烯(β-caryophyllene)#10-13也表現它的抗發炎特性。
抗菌
多種奧勒岡屬植物的精油或萃取物可抑制細菌、酵母菌和一些真菌#14-21。奧勒岡精油能抑制幽門螺旋桿菌(Helicobacter pylori)#22，萃取物在約175 μg/mL 濃度時能抑制克氏錐蟲(Trypanosoma cruzi)#23，避免腸胃炎。一篇短期的臨床研究指出，每日服用600毫克乳化的奧勒岡精油持續6周有助於改善消化道病症#24。香芹酚和百里酚同樣具有抗菌功效#25-27。
抗癌
Begnini實驗表示#28，奧勒岡精油可抑制人類乳癌和大腸癌細胞增殖，不過抑制效果不會隨精油濃度增加而增加。另一研究指出，奧勒岡精油同樣能抑制乳癌細胞以及前列腺癌細胞，且甜馬鬱蘭的效果要優於奧勒岡#29。在動物腫瘤實驗，持續3個月口服奧勒岡精油 (0.3 μg/day)的小鼠，其腫瘤大小減少1.5倍，生長明顯停滯，且肝臟脂肪氧化物和對照組相比，減少了36%，抗氧化酵素的活性則增加1.5-3倍#30。
降血糖和抗糖尿病
實驗顯示，奧勒岡精油可抑制α-澱粉酵素 (α-amylase) 和α-葡萄醣苷酵素 (α-glucosidase)活性，這2種酵素可分解醣類食物使糖類有效吸收，導致血糖升高，減少這2種酵素活性即能延緩血糖升高，降低糖尿病患者風險#31-32。
其他
香芹酚在小鼠身上顯示有預防肥胖功效#33，大鼠實驗則指出可減少肝臟損傷和潰瘍#34-35。
【芳療功效】
美國超過10年經驗的草藥學家Stephany Hoffelt認為，利用嗅聞棒(personal inhaler)吸嗅含5滴奧勒岡、5滴茶樹和5滴檸檬的綜合精油，或是使用5-6滴奧勒岡精油以擴香儀(aroma diffuser)擴香30-60分鐘，對氣喘、流感、頭痛和偏頭痛都有幫助#36。
[momo] Purigin 品植 牛至精油50ml（奧勒岡草、野馬鬱蘭）歐盟有機(潔淨抗菌力/空間消毒/呼吸道保養/肌肉放鬆)
[momo] AGRICOLA 植物者 奧勒岡精油 10ml(牛至精油 / 德國原裝進口 純植物萃取天然擴香)
[momo] Les nez 香鼻子 天然單方牛至/奧勒岡純精油 10ML(天然芳療等級)
若是消化方面病症，嗅聞棒可調和5滴奧勒岡、5滴薑和5滴甜橙(Citrus sinensis)精油，或是使用5-6滴奧勒岡精油以擴香儀擴香30-60分鐘。或是調配8滴奧勒岡、3滴薑、4滴薄荷和9滴甜橙精油，再加上4大湯匙(約60毫升)甜杏仁油，混合均勻後取5毫升外用在腹部並按摩，可能會有效果#36。
【料理應用】
奧勒岡是美式義大利料理頻繁使用的香草，它是美軍在第二次世界大戰時吃披薩調味的香草，戰後帶回國內開始廣受歡迎#1。奧勒岡常和烘／燒烤、油／煎炸的蔬菜、肉類和魚搭配料理，它在南義大利常使用在辣味料理，北義大利則比較喜歡用甜馬鬱蘭。地中海、菲律賓和拉丁美洲料理也常用到，在土耳其主要用在肉的調味，尤其是羊肉，習慣和鹽、紅椒粉、胡椒一起使用#1。希臘沙拉會加入乾燥磨碎的奧勒岡葉，且會和檸檬橄欖油製成醬汁，使用在烤魚或烤肉。菲律賓南方使用奧勒岡在牛肉料理，不僅能去腥還可以增加風味#1。
奧勒岡精油添加濃度在2.0% wt/wt時可抑制牛肉中微生物的生長#37，不過也有其他研究顯示奧勒岡精油對BBQ雞肉中的小腸結腸耶氏菌(Yersinia enterocolitica)和李斯特菌(Listeria monocytogenes)無效#38。
根據研究，在料理前加入富含抗氧化物的辛香料到漢堡肉中，料理後可減少產生的氧化物71%，且食用後從尿液檢測的氧化物濃度也比吃一般漢堡的人減少49%，這些辛香料配方為紅椒粉(30.44%)、奧勒岡(26.17%)、大蒜粉(12.99%)、薑(10.86%)、黑胡椒(6.51%)、迷迭香(4.34%)、肉桂(4.34%)和丁香(4.34%)(11.3% 辛香料／漢堡肉重)#39。
除了常和肉類、烤肉、海鮮搭配料理，奧勒岡也會和番茄、羅勒、檸檬、馬鈴薯或蛋類組合使用。適合添加在披薩、湯類、沙拉、燒烤、義式麵食、地中海和墨西哥料理，但不適合和甜點搭配。
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