pancakes的部落格

苦橙(Bitter orange，Citrus × aurantium)

芸香科(Rutaceae)柑橘屬(Citrus)

學名：Citrus × aurantium

中文名：苦橙╱橙花、玳玳花

圖1：苦橙(Citrus × aurantium)和橙花#1-2

香檸檬(bergamot)是苦橙其中一亞種(Citrus aurantium subsp. bergamia)#3。

【生理活性】

苦橙富含的辛弗林素(p-synephrine)是常見的減肥成分，在果皮未成熟時含量最高#4。它也存在多種黃酮類，包含橙皮素(hesperetin)、柚皮素(naringenin)、芹菜素(apigenin)、木犀草素(luteolin)和香葉木素(diosmetin)#5以及其糖苷相關物#6。

另外還有分子結構為含氧三萜類的檸檬苦素和其糖苷衍生物，果肉主要含水溶性無味的檸檬苦素-葡萄糖苷分子#7，例如檸檬苦素葡萄糖苷(limonin glucoside)、諾米林葡萄糖苷(nomilin glucoside)、黃柏酮葡萄糖苷(obacunone glucoside)、諾米林酸葡萄糖苷(nomilinic acid glucoside)，果皮和種子則是非水溶性苦味的檸檬苦素，例如檸檬苦素(limonin)、諾米林(nomilin)、黃柏酮(obacunone)、宜昌橙苦素(ichangin)和去乙酸諾米林(deacetyl nomilin)#8-9。

根據Zarrad的研究#1，突尼西亞苦橙果皮精油主要成分有檸烯 (limonene，85.52%)、芳樟醇 (linalool，3.37%) 和β-香葉烯(β-myrcene，1.63%)，另一研究顯示果皮精油含有94.81%的檸烯#10。苦橙葉精油則以芳樟醇(26.3-64.1%)、乙酸芳樟酯(linalyl acetate，12.4-54.6%)和α-松油醇(α-terpineol，7.1-11.7%)為最主要成分#11。橙花精油可能包含檸烯(22.4%)、β-蒎烯(β-pinene，8.7%)和橙花醇(nerol，7.0%)#12。橙花精油(neroli)昂貴，有時會以便宜的苦橙葉精油(petitgrain)摻混#3。

民俗療法

傳統中醫使用未成熟苦橙或果皮改善消化不良、腹瀉、痢疾、便秘和化痰。在南美洲，苦橙用於失眠、焦慮或癲癇的治療；葉片可當瀉藥、鎮靜劑；果皮能緩和胃痛、高血壓。歐洲的巴斯克人利用苦橙葉治胃痛、失眠和心悸，且視苦橙皮為抗痙攣藥。#13-14

抗氧化

橙花甲醇萃取物含高濃度多酚和黃酮類物質，含量比酒精和水萃取物高，且抗氧化力也較高，根據分析有沒食子酸(gallic acid)、連苯三酚(pyrogallol)、丁香酸(syringic acid)、咖啡因酸(caffeic acid)、芸香甘(rutin)、槲皮素(quercetin)和柚皮苷(naringin)等成分#15。從乾燥未成熟苦橙萃取出的多醣混合物，經檢測具有不輸維他命C的優異抗氧化力和自由基消除能力#16。

2013年一篇阿爾及利亞的研究#17，作者收集當地7種柑橘類水果檢測果皮和葉子萃取物的總多酚濃度和抗氧化力，結果苦橙葉和果皮的表現最佳，優於血橙、甜橙和其它柑橘。另有研究使用榨汁後苦橙檢測抗氧化力，結果顯示果皮抗氧化力優於果肉#18。

抗菌

苦橙葉精油能抑制細菌、真菌和酵母菌的生長，實驗顯示濃度2.7 mg/mL時能抑制枯草桿菌(Bacillus subtilis)，4.8 mg/mL可抑制金黃色葡萄球菌，抑制啤酒酵母菌(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)和拉曼毛黴菌(Mucor ramannianus)則需稍高濃度#19。其它研究描述，100%苦橙皮精油能在5分鐘內完全殺死白色念珠菌、大腸桿菌和糞腸球菌#20。

抗焦慮、鎮靜

小鼠實驗顯示，焦慮時口服5 mg/kg或連續14天口服10 mg/kg的苦橙皮精油能有效降低短期或長期焦慮#8，還有研究使用小鼠餵食1.0 g/kg(←量很大)的苦橙皮精油持續15天也有類似結果#21。將進行手術的60位患者所參與的臨床實驗表示，麻醉前2小時口服1 mL/kg的橙花蒸餾物(芳樟醇濃度：0.01 mg.mL -1)可有效減少術前焦慮#9。

傳統中醫使用梔子花果實、厚朴樹皮和苦橙果(1:7:1，w/w)煎煮液治療憂鬱#22，Xing研究此藥方在大鼠的表現效果#23，發現每日口服3.66 g/kg劑量(原藥材乾重)持續3周即能有效改善大鼠焦慮。

降血糖、抗糖尿病

小鼠口服苦橙來源的新橙皮苷(neohesperidin)(50 mg/kg)持續6周，能有效改善糖尿病病徵，包含血糖、血中糖化蛋白質、血脂、胰島素敏感性(Insulin Sensitivity)、胰島素抗性(Insulin resistance)、脂肪肝和肝功能指數，全朝正向發展#24。

α -澱粉酵素(α-amylase)可分解澱粉形成葡萄糖，可能造成血糖濃度上升，抑制α -澱粉酵素的活性有助於穩定血糖。根據體外實驗#25，苦橙中含有的橙皮苷成分能明顯抑制α -澱粉酵素活性。

減重

辛弗林素的分子結構類似腎上腺素，根據2012年一篇系統性回顧文獻#26，多篇研究證明苦橙有減重功效，苦橙萃取物或辛弗林素能有效增加能量消耗和基礎代謝率，持續使用12周以上可幫助減重。

抗癌

在癌細胞實驗#15，橙花甲醇萃取物於濃度25μg/mL時有殺死肝癌(Chang liver)、乳癌(MCF-7、MDA-MB 231)和大腸癌(HT-29)細胞的功效，濃度增加到200μg/mL時有顯著效果。

抗發炎

老鼠巨噬細胞實驗發現#15，橙花甲醇萃取物可抑制因發炎物質誘發的一氧化氮生成反應，有效減少發炎現象，100 µg/mL濃度下能降低約60%。栽種於韓國的苦橙，其黃酮類成分能抑制大鼠骨骼肌細胞的發炎反應#27，黃酮類成分透過抑制NF-κB 和MAPKs 訊息傳遞路徑，減少發炎因子的形成。

減少腸胃潰瘍

大鼠研究證明#28，苦橙皮精油和主成分檸烯可促進胃黏膜產生，保護腸胃，減少酒精或非類固醇抗發炎藥對腸胃的傷害。除了檸烯是主要發揮功效的成分，β-香葉烯同樣有保護效果#29。

可能風險

16位健康志願者每日給予辛弗林素49 mg持續15天未發現有任何不適症狀#30。根據大鼠實驗#22，苦橙能幫助大鼠減重，可是也伴隨心血管毒性，在2012年，一篇系統性回顧多項苦橙和減重相關試驗的文獻結論表示#26，正常劑量下，現有證據不足以證明苦橙萃取物、辛弗林素或辛弗林素-咖啡因複合物對人體會產生心血管相關或其它健康風險。2017年另一篇刊載於植物治療研究期刊(Phytotherapy Research)的相同專題回顧#13，最後總結說明，在安全範圍內食用苦橙萃取物或辛弗林素對人體不會造成傷害 (80公斤成人吃97.3mg辛弗林素都還在安全範圍內)。

2014年衛服部建議有高血壓、心血管疾病及孕婦都不應食用含有苦橙成份的產品，目前成人食用苦橙的每日建議劑量為5-20毫克，一天不可攝取超過30毫克，且服用特定藥物(例如：抗凝血劑、抗憂鬱藥等)時，都應避免併服苦橙#31。

【芳療功效】

大鼠吸聞1-5%苦橙皮精油持續7分鐘能有效降低焦慮，實驗後大鼠在焦慮實驗模型中探索時間和次數明顯上升#32。

橙花精油在小鼠身上表現出鎮靜功效#33，實驗組的小鼠僅有對照組34.73%的活動力。另一沙鼠(gerbils)吸嗅橙花精油的研究，在強迫游泳實驗模型中，持續吸嗅精油的沙鼠游泳時間顯著增加，較久才出現放棄反應，依照實驗設計意義，越晚放棄，焦慮感越低#34。其實橙花精油常用於舒緩焦慮，只不過它屬於高價精油，所以研究不多#3。

64位更年期婦女隨機分組，實驗組每日2次吸聞0.1或0.5%橙花精油5分鐘持續5天，經量表評量可緩解更年期症候群，並有降血壓、增加性慾、改善脈搏率和血液皮質醇 (cortisol)、雌激素濃度等功效#35。

40位高血壓新兵參與的臨床試驗#12，使用含有真正薰衣草(Lavandula angustifolia)、依蘭依蘭 (Cananga odorata)、甜馬鬱蘭(Origanum majorana)和橙花(Citrus aurantium)的複方精油[20:15:10:2]，實驗組每周2次吸聞複方精油2分鐘並在2周實驗期間全程戴精油鍊，結果發現吸聞治療可降低血壓和脈搏，精油鍊治療有使收縮壓和24小時動態血壓(24-h ambulatory blood pressures)下降的療效。

2008年一項使用胡椒薄荷和橙花純露舒緩乳癌患者潮熱(hot flushes)的研究#36，結果44位患者中只有18位覺得純露優於自來水，但有少數人認為純露極有幫助。

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