pancakes的部落格

水飛薊(Milk thistle，Silybum marianum)

菊科(Asteraceae)水飛薊屬(Silybum)

學名：Silybum marianum

中文名：水飛薊、乳薊

圖1：水飛薊(Silybum marianum)和種子#1-2

【簡介】

水飛薊原生於地中海地區，之後廣泛種植於東亞、歐、美和澳洲#3。水飛薊的次級代謝物─水飛薊素(silymarin)是主要的活性成分，它是混合物，由4種黃酮類成分組成，分別是水飛薊寧(silidianin)、異水飛薊賓(isosilibinin)、水飛薊賓(silibinin) 和水飛薊丁(silichristin)#4，這些物質多存在於種子部分#1, 5。不過，近期有研究表示，類似水飛薊素結構的黃酮類物質，在紫花和白花品種其實可分離出合計多達23種#6。

民俗療法

早在1世紀時水飛薊即有藥用紀錄#7，它的花可用於毒菇誤食的解毒#8，歐洲地區將花、葉和根部作為蔬菜食用。其種子萃取液被視為強肝補品，可預防或逆轉肝中毒，且用於治療肝、膽相關疾病已有2000年以上歷史，包含肝炎、肝硬化、黃疸等症狀#2, 9-10。

特殊族群

水飛薊可安全地使用於孩童#11、長者#12和懷孕婦女#13-14。水飛薊也適合正接受癌症治療的病患，因為它具有血液和肝臟的解毒功效#5, 15。

【護肝功效】

反應機制

水飛薊賓能活化DNA聚合酵素、再生肝細胞和rRNA，並藉由抑制5-脂氧化酵素(5-lipoxygenase)生理路徑減少肝發炎#5, 16。大部分護肝的作用原理也包含自由基清除機制#1，水飛薊素能促進活化淋巴細胞內抗氧化酵素#17-20，進而有穩定肝細胞膜、中和自由基和免疫調節等功效#10。

研究

根據大鼠研究#1，懷孕期間攝取水飛薊素能有效預防酒精對腹中胎兒肝臟、腦部和胼胝體的危害。多項動物研究也證明水飛薊素可保護肝臟減少多種化學毒素的危害，例如：四氯化碳(Carbon tetrachloride)#21、氟烷(halothane) #22和乙醯胺酚(acetaminophen)等#10, 23-24。

40位酒精型肝硬化患者組成的臨床試驗結果#25-26，為期1個月的水飛薊素治療能使肝功能指數回復正常、活化淋巴細胞、減少酒精敏感性酵素的釋放。每日2次服用240 mg水飛薊賓(IdB-1016)的慢性肝炎患者#27，經7天治療可有效降低肝指數，改善肝功能。97位多數因酗酒導致肝炎或肝指數異常患者參與的試驗指出#28，每日服用420 mg水飛薊素持續4周可明顯降低肝指數，恢復正常肝功能。

從1986到1989年的追蹤試驗#29，每日3次給予103位酒精性肝硬化患者150 mg水飛薊素持續2年，最終完成試驗的57位患者結果表示，和未服水飛薊素的對照組相比，其存活率並無明顯差異。但在另一相似條件下包含170位患者的臨床顯示#30，水飛薊素有助於增加酒精性肝硬化患者存活率，4年存活率為58%，且無副作用，而對照組僅39%。

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