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小花茉莉(Arabian jasmineJasminum sambac)

 

木犀科(Oleaceae)素馨茉莉屬(Jasminum)

學名:Jasminum sambac

英文名:Arabian jasmine (美國稱呼)Lily jasmineUdupi Mallige (印度Karnataka)Motia

中文名:小花茉莉、阿拉伯茉莉、雙瓣茉莉

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1:小花茉莉(Jasminum sambac)#1

 

小花茉莉種植於排水良好有機質豐富的土壤,在溫室可全年開花、香味濃、夜間花開破曉閉合#2、多於清晨採摘,原生在印度或東南亞的熱帶和亞熱帶地區,如今種植較多茉莉屬植物的國家主要有印度、中國和馬來西亞,而全世界近200種茉莉便有約40種可在印度找到#2

 

【生理活性】

 

7月花季高峰晨間採下的埃及小花茉莉,經己烷和己烷-酒精萃取的花苞原精分析其主成分,所得含量分別為乙酸苄酯(benzyl acetate23.714.2%)、吲哚(indole13.113.4%)E-E-α-金合歡烯(E-E-α-farnesene15.913.1%)Z-3-苯甲酸己烯酯(Z-3-hexenyl benzoate4.99.4%)、苯甲醇(benzyl alcohol7.78.4%)、芳樟醇(linalool10.66.3%)及鄰胺苯甲酸甲酯(methyl anthranilate5.04.7%),乙酸苄酯伴隨Z-3-苯甲酸己烯酯成分的氣味揮發,是辨別茉莉香的主要特徵#3

 

對比過去研究,埃及小花茉莉原精比起中國、印尼和菲律賓地區,擁有較高的乙酸苄酯含量(14.2-21.2% > 2.0-8.0%),可是芳樟醇濃度不高(6.3-7.4% < 15.0-30.0%)。它們由相似成分組成,但含量有落差,除了產地是可能原因,製程、氣候、栽種方式、採收時機等都有關係#4-5。儘管小花茉莉精油價格高昂,但因香氣怡人以及卓越功效,因此市場反應仍極佳#2

 

使用超臨界二氧化碳萃取在日出前採摘的巴基斯坦小花茉莉,所製精油又有不同成分組成,較高濃度的有香茅醇(citronellol17.98-19.37%)、苯乙醇(phenyl ethyl alcohol12.98-14.11%)、金合歡醇(farnesol8.31-8.91%)、丁香酚(eugenol5.98-9.8%)、苯甲醇(4.51-5.26%)和香葉醇(geraniol3.89-6.26%)等化合物,含量差異和花苞是否開合相關,整體來看,花開時採收的萃取產率多過閉合時#6

 

民俗療法

 

小花茉莉花、葉有退燒、預防乳癌和抗充血特性;花會用於腹瀉、腹痛、皮膚炎和結膜炎的治療,也被視為天然春藥,可治性冷感或陽痿;葉和根可舒緩腹瀉、促進傷口癒合、退熱、鎮痛或使麻醉;根部另可作為傷口或蛇咬傷的敷料。全株小花茉莉具有止痛、調經、驅蟲、利尿、解憂、抗發炎、抑菌、催情、鎮靜、化痰、改善癲癇以及保健子宮等潛在功效。#27-11

 

在亞洲,花使用於治療腹瀉、發燒、結膜炎、腹痛、皮膚炎、氣喘、膿腫、子宮出血和牙痛等病症;中醫用葉片緩解腹痛和痢疾;馬來西亞女性將花朵浸泡液洗臉,且會在胸部塗抹花泥以抑制泌乳,不過南印度的生產後婦女常會在頭髮繫上小花茉莉花串,期望增加乳汁和延後排卵。#2911-12

 

抗氧化

 

東非的小花茉莉葉精油和甲醇萃取物經體外研究證實可抑制油脂氧化#13,整體表現甲醇萃取物優於精油,甲醇萃取物抑制油脂氧化能力和精油相近,但在DPPH抗氧化檢測中表現較佳,約是精油2倍。

 

使用過氧化氫(H2O2)氧化山羊肝會造成抗氧化酵素失活,研究指在實驗前先經小花茉莉甲醇萃取物處理,能有效維持活性,並抑制油脂的過氧化#14。另有研究使用小花茉莉葉70%酒水萃取物檢測還原力、DPPH、清除一氧化氮和過氧化氫等抗氧化力模型#15,皆有程度不等的抗氧化活性。

 

抗菌

 

花朵的丁醇萃取物可抑制傷寒沙門氏菌(Salmonella typhi)、霍亂弧菌(Vibrio cholera)、化膿鏈球菌(Streptococcus pyogenes)、棒狀桿菌屬(Corynebacteria)、普通變形桿菌(Proteus vulgaris)和大腸桿菌,但對金黃色葡萄球菌無效,而未完全開花的抑菌效果會比完全開花時好#116

 

花朵甲醇萃取物和精油對合軸馬拉色菌(Malassezia sympodialis)和皮屑芽孢菌(Malassezia furfur)2種致皮膚病真菌有抑菌功效,實驗顯示甲醇萃取物在80 mg/mL;精油在50%時能有效抑制生長,表現優於葉片的抑菌效果#17

 

抗病毒

 

體外研究指台灣南部的小花茉莉水萃物可預防腺病毒(adenoviruses-3-8-11)感染,在濃度119.6-338.4 μg/ml具有抑制效果,約等同抗病毒藥ddC (2',3'-dideoxycytidine)3.5-6% 藥效,不過對單純皰疹病毒(HSV-1-2)無效#18

 

殺蟲

 

菲律賓小花茉莉花的室溫酒萃物有輕微殺死埃及斑蚊3齡孑孓效果,500 ppm濃度下經72小時平均可使15隻孑孓致死2.7隻,致死率18%,同實驗所使用的四季橘(Citrus microcarpa)皮能達91.3%,而黑胡椒(Piper nigrum)24小時100 ppm即有100%致死率#19

 

止痛

 

小鼠口服250500 毫克/公斤體重劑量小花茉莉葉片酒萃物能明顯抑制醋酸導致的疼痛扭動現象,和控制組相比分別減少42.86%70.94%,常用鎮痛藥待克菲那(Diclofenac sodium)25毫克/公斤體重時有82.27%的抑制表現#20

 

 

降血糖、改善糖尿病

 

口服葡萄糖導致大鼠糖尿病的實驗顯示使用小花茉莉花部酒萃物200-400mg/kg b. wt.治療可有效降低血糖,2小時觀察的效果略低於降血糖藥-固利康錠(Glibenclamide);而在因四氧嘧啶(alloxan)和鏈佐黴素(streptozotocin)誘發的糖尿病大鼠模型中,持續714天給予花朵酒萃物200-400mg/kg b. wt.除可有效降血糖外,劑量400mg/kg b. wt.的降幅如同固利康錠,能達相似藥效#21

 

經四氧嘧啶誘發糖尿病的大鼠每日口服小花茉莉葉乙酸乙酯或水萃取物300mg/kg b. wt.持續21天,結果發現水萃取物可有效改善血糖、總膽固醇和脂肪酸組成,但效果比固利康錠略差,而乙酸乙酯萃取物表現又稍遜於水萃物#22

 

顧胃

 

大鼠在致胃潰瘍前30分鐘先腹腔注射小花茉莉花朵酒萃物200-400mg/kg b. wt.,可避免胃潰瘍發生,不僅能維持正常pH及酸度(acidity)400mg/kg b. wt.相同劑量下護胃的效果(86.49%)和潰瘍用藥斯克拉非(Sucralfate)(92.16%)並無明顯差異#21

 

另一篇使用酸化酒精(acidified ethanol)誘發胃潰瘍的大鼠試驗指出#23,誘發前1小時口服62.5-500 mg/kg b. wt.小花茉莉葉酒萃物可保護胃部免於發炎,切片顯示黏膜下層發炎和水腫現象較少,於500 mg/kg b. wt.劑量時更未發現胃黏膜損傷,其中的保護機制可能和Hsp70蛋白、前列腺素E2 (Prostaglandin E2)、抗氧化酵素有關,免疫染色分析發現這些物質在口服萃取物後表現量顯著增加,而前列腺素E2在胃黏膜主要功能是調節分泌和合成的物質,之前研究即證實有護胃功效#24-26

 

抗壓、抗焦慮、抗憂鬱

 

根據大鼠游泳壓力和小鼠游泳耐力試驗顯示,小花茉莉葉的甲醇萃取物於劑量100mg/kg 200mg/kg b.w.能有效發揮抗壓功效,在多項生理壓力指標皆有明顯抑制現象#27。另在一篇利用多種壓力模型探討小鼠抗壓的研究中,腹腔注射200400mg/kg小花茉莉花酒精萃取物的小鼠顯著表現能抗焦慮和抗憂鬱#928

 

傷口癒合

 

莖部酒精萃取物所製軟膏於400 mg/kg bw劑量時可有效加速小鼠傷口的癒合,減少上皮形成時間#29;另一篇類似研究表示,劑量為200 400mg/kg bw時,小花茉莉葉的水萃取物效果優於酒精萃取物#30

 

可能風險

 

葉片酒萃物在豐年蝦幼苗的毒性試驗,共同培養24小時後,50100 µg/ml濃度分別可使5090%幼苗致死#20

 

15 mg小花茉莉花酒萃物靜脈注射體重介於22-25 g小鼠的尾巴,觀察72小時一切正常,15天後解剖也未發現任何異樣;口服5,000 mg/kg劑量的大鼠,也有相同實驗結果#31。小鼠在另一14天研究中漸進式增量口服花朵甲醇萃取物至最終2000 mg/kg,結果未有任何中毒徵狀;在口服400mg/kg持續6週的亞慢性毒性試驗,小鼠解剖後檢視組織外觀、機能也無任何明顯異狀,證明小花茉莉有長期攝取高安全性,若再搭配它的多重功效,則可參酌加入輔助治療各種慢性病,如糖尿病#32

 

【芳療功效】

 

嗅聞小花茉莉精油可刺激腦部活化,增加腦慢波βθ)的活動,與咖啡因有相似反應#11,但也有研究只觀察到β波增加#33-34

 

2018-32歲健康自願者在實驗設計經閉眼休息嗅聞甜杏仁油嗅聞小花茉莉精油(10%v/v)7分鐘後,所獲得的各期間腦波圖和心境自評結果指出,β波在嗅聞小花茉莉精油後於腦部多區域皆有明顯增加,而心境上清新、浪漫、活力和幸福感顯著提升,並有效降低睡意。#33

 

4018-21歲健康自願者參與的臨床試驗#35,實驗組使用1 mL 20% (w/w)小花茉莉花瓣精油(甜杏仁油為基底)自行按摩下腹部5分鐘,之後覆蓋保鮮膜15分鐘避免精油揮發,同樣動作再重複一次,總計40分鐘療程,結果顯示小花茉莉精油能增加血氧濃度、使呼吸急促、血壓升高,自願者自評心境更有活力、較能專注(alert)且不易放鬆,可做為減少憂鬱和鼓舞情緒的輔助治療選擇。

 

2011年有學者提出假說,南印度產後婦女戴小花茉莉花串,增加乳汁和延後排卵;可能是因香氣分子藉由呼吸膜進入血流,通過血腦障壁後活化下視丘,使神經細胞分泌性腺激素釋放素(gonadotrophin releasing hormoneGnRH)GnRH調控生殖腺和乳腺,促進釋放促卵泡激素(follicle-stimulating hormoneFSH)、黃體激素(luteinizing hormoneLH)和泌乳素(prolactin)、催產素(oxytocin),而達到泌乳增加和排卵延後的功效。#11

 

 

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