pancakes的部落格

茴香(Fennel，Foeniculum vulgare)

繖形科(Umbelliferae／Apiaceae)茴香屬(Foeniculum)

學名：Foeniculum vulgare

中文名：茴香、甜茴香、苦茴香

圖1：(A)茴香(Foeniculum vulgare)#1(B)茴香籽#2

變種(或亞種?)的茴香籽有不同味道，F. vulgare var. dulce是甜茴香，亞種piperitum是苦茴香，F. vulgare var. vulgare 在文獻紀載中有甜也有苦#1,3。

【生理活性】

精油主要萃取於種子，甜茴香籽精油主成分有反式茴香腦(trans-anethole，81.63%-87.85%)#4、葑酮(fenchone)、草嵩腦(estragole)和α-水芹烯(α-phellandrene)。精油的雌激素特性源於反式茴香腦，或是相關聚合物雙茴香腦(dianethole)和光茴香腦(photoanethole)#3。茴香的主成分之一，草嵩腦，分子結構和可能致癌物甲基丁香酚(methyl eugenol)相似，多項體外和動物實驗證明有致癌性，歐盟因此原因將草嵩腦添加於非酒精飲料的濃度限制在10 mg/kg#5。除了以上成分，茴香還包含多種酚酸、黃酮類和二苯乙烯類 (stilbene)等酚類物質，在生理活性的表現上，這些成分預期都能有程度不等的貢獻。

民俗療法

茴香具有解脹氣特性，複方甘草(liquorice)粉常會另外添加茴香，以緩和甘草助瀉產生可能的副作用。茴香水混合小蘇打和糖漿能治療嬰幼兒不明的哭或腸胃問題，國外已有類似產品販售。茴香也應用在催乳上，這可能和它的雌激素特性有關。茴香籽茶也能治療脹氣，印度人相信生吃茴香籽對視力有幫助。茴香籽萃取物在動物實驗顯示，有治療青光眼、高血壓和作為利尿劑的潛在功效。#3

抗氧化

茴香精油的抗氧化力表現類似維他命E和2,6-二丁基羥基甲苯(butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT))等常見抗氧化物#6。實驗證明，茴香籽丁醇和水萃取物能減少油脂的過氧化並消滅自由基，不過整體抗氧化力比槲皮素(黃酮類物質)弱，約僅10%#7。一篇來自埃及的研究表示，當地3種變種有機茴香籽的精油成分明顯有差異，經檢測其中2種所表現出的抗氧化力和2,6-二丁基羥基甲苯相似，大幅優於另1種#8。

抗菌

茴香精油能抑制大腸桿菌、金黃色葡萄球菌、李斯特菌、巨桿菌(Bacillus megaterium)和多重抗藥性鮑氏不動桿菌(Acinetobacter baumannii)#3, 9-11。茴香的酒精和水萃取物可抑制曲狀桿菌(Campylobacter jejuni)和幽門螺旋桿菌(Helicobacter pylori)#12。

精油或是萃取物也可抗真菌，包括白色念珠菌#13-14、核盤菌(Sclerotinia sclerotiorum)#15、黑黴菌(Aspergillum niger)、黃麴黴菌(Aspergillum flavus)、禾穀鐮孢菌(Fusarium graminearum)和串珠鐮孢菌(Fusarium moniliforme)#16。

抗血栓

茴香精油有抗凝血、使血塊崩解(destabilize)的能力。豚鼠血液試驗證明，精油能抑制因化學物質、酵素和膠原蛋白誘發的血液凝集。在大鼠動脈觀察到茴香精油和茴香腦有減緩血管舒張功效。小鼠每日口服茴香精油或茴香腦(30 mg/kg)持續5天，可保護小鼠因靜脈注射膠原蛋白-腎上腺素引起的血栓性癱瘓，保護效果分別達70%和83%。#17

抗發炎

誘發發炎前1小時先給予小鼠或大鼠口服200 mg/kg的茴香籽甲醇萃取物，經發炎後3小時，可減少發炎反應60 - 75%。血液中麩胺酸苯醋酸轉氨基酶 (aspartate aminotransferase，AST)的活性升高和細胞損傷發炎有正相關性，作者注射甲醛到大鼠體內誘發關節炎，實驗顯示持續7日口服200 mg/kg茴香籽甲醇萃取物的大鼠，牠們的麩胺酸苯醋酸轉氨基酶活性和對照組相比，顯著較低。#18

抗過敏、止痛

在化學藥物引起的延遲性第IV型過敏反應研究#18，持續7日口服200 mg/kg茴香籽甲醇萃取物的小鼠能有效抑制耳部腫脹發生，抑制率可到94%。經口服200 mg/kg茴香籽甲醇萃取物的小鼠在疼痛耐受性試驗中，耐受時間能從19.5秒延長至34.3秒。

緩解經痛

30位年齡在15-24歲有經痛困擾的年輕女性，每人經歷3輪實驗，第一輪無給藥，第二輪口服止痛藥甲芬那酸 (mefenamic acid)(250 mg，每6小時1次)，第三輪口服2%茴香籽萃取物(25滴，每4小時1次)，結果參與女性自評認為口服甲芬那酸和茴香期間，都明顯比無給藥時更能減少經痛，其中甲芬那酸在月經第2和3天表現明顯優於茴香，其它天則無顯著差異#19。

護肝

茴香籽精油在大鼠實驗顯示有護肝功效#20，每周3次持續7周腹腔注射0.3 ml/kg精油的大鼠除了顯著減少血液中與肝指數相關的酵素活性，從病理切片也觀察到茴香籽精油能阻止發展成慢性肝炎。

降血糖、抗糖尿病

口服30 mg/kg bw茴香精油的糖尿病大鼠，經21天實驗後，可有效降低血糖從162.5 ± 3.19 mg/dl到81.97 ± 1.97 mg/dl，且能提升抗氧化酵素活性，反轉原本因氧化壓力造成的腎和胰臟損傷，恢復健康#21。

減少嬰幼兒不明哭泣

每日4次飯前給予嬰幼兒茴香油，每日劑量不超過12 mg/kg，結果在125位2-12周歲嬰兒參與的試驗顯示，實驗組有65%能有效改善症狀，對照組僅23.7%#22-23。

抗壓

短期壓力導致腎上腺素增加，腎上腺素經代謝會產生香草扁桃酸(vanillylmandelic acid)代謝物。長期壓力則會分泌可體松(cortisol)，補充維他命C能抑制可體松達到減壓效果#24。根據研究，施予壓力前就口服不同劑量茴香籽水萃取物的大鼠，相較於對照組，在施壓後24小時其尿液中香草扁桃酸濃度較低、維他命C濃度更高，顯著表現抗壓反應，且口服劑量越高，抗壓效果越明顯#25。

可能風險

大鼠實驗顯示，草嵩腦濃度和產生突變性代謝物的機率成正比#26。雖然多項體外和動物實驗指出#27-31草嵩腦具有致癌性，然而致癌性可能因組織、性別和物種而有差異，就近期研究結果，沒有直接證據證明草嵩腦會導致人類罹癌#3，不過歐盟依然顧慮其毒性而管制在食品的添加量#32。

雖然沒有任何研究探討，但著有Clinical Aromatherapy的作者Jane Buckle會建議癲癇患者避開迷迭香、茴香、牛膝草松樟酮 (Hyssopus officinalis CT pinocamphone)和胡椒薄荷精油。懷孕和癌症患者也不適合使用茴香精油，因雌激素會促進有些腫瘤的生長。#22

【芳療功效】

嗅聞茴香和薑混合精油能改善暈船(車)的不適感，減少噁心、嘔吐。每日3次塗擦3%茴香精油在手腕處(視情況可增加次數)持續2周，實驗發現能降低食慾，有助減重，實驗組最終平均減3.51磅，對照組平均2.81磅。#22

【料理應用】

甜茴香籽帶有甜味，味道似八角(Illicium verum)或大茴香(Pimpinella anisum)，時常用在魚肉、肉類、冰淇淋、酒精飲料、香草茶、烘焙或綜合香料#33。茴香的莖脆口，它的塊根可燉、燜、炒或烤料理，也可以生吃。地中海料理喜歡使用球莖和嫩葉，可生吃或烹調應用在沙拉、附餐、義大利麵或蔬食料理。印度次大陸和中東地區有添加茴香籽調味的料理文化，茴香也是印度少數民族的重要香料。#3

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