甜橙(Sweet orange,Citrus × sinensis)
芸香科(Rutaceae) 柑橘屬(Citrus)
學名:Citrus × sinensis
圖:Citrus × sinensis [1]
中國南方和印度是甜橙的原生地,西元前2500年的中國就有栽種,它也是產量最多的柑橘類,占了70%[2-5]。
【生理活性】
水蒸餾甜橙精油含d-檸烯(d-limonene,96%)、α-香葉烯(α-myrcene,2.79%)、α-pinene (α-蒎烯,0.8%)和β-pinene (β-蒎烯,0.36%)[6]。檸烯在柑橘類精油存在的比率大多有特定範圍[7],甜橙約含83-97%,檸檬在54-80%,香檸檬(Citrus × bergamia)有25-32%。中國的錦橙精油含90.85% 檸烯、1.88%的β-香葉烯(β-myrcene)[8]。
新鮮果皮具有較高的總多酚、類黃酮和單寧含量[9],在抑菌效果上,大部分也都優於乾燥果皮,乾燥果皮的總多酚和單寧,大約僅有新鮮的20-30%。
民俗療法
傳統可減少嘔吐、淨化血液、鎮咳,並治氣喘、發熱、打嗝、消化不良。另有退熱、緩解脹氣和作為補品等用途[2]。對於腸胃的痙攣、絞痛和便祕,以及呼吸道的支氣管炎、肺結核、感冒,或是肥胖、月經異常、心絞痛、高血壓、糖尿病、憂鬱、失落和壓力等也有幫助[3、10]。甜橙葉治神經失調以及幫助消化[4]。
抗氧化
一篇比較甜橙皮、葡萄皮和柚子皮的研究[10],甜橙皮有最高的總多酚和類黃酮含量,分別為17.3 mg/g和1.51 mg/g。在多項抗氧化檢測上,例如:DPPH˙、ABTS+、螯合亞鐵離子、清除OH˙和脂質過氧化的抑制,也是相對出色。
滅害蟲
煙草粉蝨(Bemisia tabaci)是能傳輸病毒的外來入侵種。約15對粉蝨暴露於巴西甜橙果皮水蒸餾精油濃度8.5 μL/L持續24小時,可使97%粉蝨致死,且殺卵現象呈現劑量關係[11]。苦橙果皮精油在濃度9.5 μL/L時也有99%致死率。雖然丁香油酚(eugenol)於濃度1.0 µL/L便能殺死全部粉蝨,不過殺卵的劑量關係並不顯著。
抗菌
在抑制念珠菌屬(Candida spp.)的效果評估上[6],甜橙精油抑制禿髮念珠菌(Candida glabrata)的效果較好,最小抑菌濃度(MIC)可低至0.42μg(添加量),其它效果較差,介於0.72-3.71μg,吉利蒙念珠菌(Candida guilliermondii)則無法抑制。
調節血脂
大鼠每日攝取5g/kg body weight的甜橙果汁粉持續15或30天[12],抽血檢測發現好膽固醇(HDL)濃度上升,壞膽固醇(LDL)和三酸甘油脂濃度降低,持續攝取可有效降低高膽固醇血症(Hypercholesterolemia)風險。
抗骨質疏鬆
以卵巢被切割的雌大鼠為模型,持續3個月每日口服5 mg/kg b.wt.甜橙葉或皮水萃物的大鼠,可顯著提升骨質密度[13]。甜橙中的類黃酮如芸香苷(rutin)、槲皮素(quercetin)和山柰酚(kaempferol),不僅有類雌激素活性,能彌補雌激素不足,且對重建骨質也有正面效益[14-16]。
抗癌
多甲氧基黃酮(polymethoxyflavones,PMFs)幾乎是柑橘類獨有的成分,尤其是在椪柑和甜橙皮。實驗發現[17],脫去5號位甲氧基的黃酮可有效抑制人類肺癌細胞(H1299、H441和H460)生長,也能減少致癌性蛋白質的表現,例如:iNOS、COX‐2、Mcl‐1和K‐ras。若PMFs未脫去5號位甲氧基,僅是原來的PMFs,則抑制力差。
解毒
大鼠在鎘中毒前或後口服奈及利亞甜橙水萃物(10mg/kg b.wt 或 40mg/kg b.wt )持續8週[18],能有效降低鎘對肝的損害。實驗組的肝指數、脂質過氧化產物和抗氧化酵素活性皆明顯更接近正常值,其中又以中毒前口服劑量40mg/kg b.wt的甜橙水萃物效果最好。
可能風險
和人類口腔上皮細胞共同培養,甜橙精油未表現細胞毒性;Ames test結果顯示甜橙精油沒有基因毒性,不是致突變物質[6]。甜橙皮水萃物在劑量超過2000 mg/kg body weight時能使大鼠死亡[18]。
【芳療功效】
40位男性健康自願者分成5組,吸嗅甜橙(2.5、5和10滴)、茶樹精油(2.5滴)和水,每滴等同25μL,各組滴於醫療口罩並吸嗅5分鐘[19]。結果吸嗅甜橙精油2.5滴和10滴能有效改善焦慮。為何5滴這組效果不明顯,無法呈現劑量關係?當研究的物質是多種分子混合物時,每滴的成分差異可能會導致高劑量但活性分子少的情況,使得功效消長未跟隨劑量變化,類似情況發生在混合物的頻率會比單一分子更為常見。
通常焦慮減低之後會帶來平靜或催眠感受,不過甜橙反而能給予活力,實驗過程中高劑量組別雖覺得自己會想遠離交際,但卻感覺更有能量,這可使人專注自身事務同時又降低焦慮。相較於服用抗憂鬱藥易讓患者喪失注意力,甜橙精油擁有非常難得的功效。此次實驗使用內含檸烯(limonene) 54.48%的甜橙精油。
曾有嚙齒動物研究指出[19-21],檸烯可能是發揮抗憂鬱的主要成分。持續5分鐘暴露於甜橙精油(97.66%檸烯) 100-400μL濃度的成年公大鼠[21],在所試驗的2組抗憂鬱實驗模型都至少有1組見效。2組模型都以最高精油濃度表現最好,但不完全是劑量關係。雖然先前研究表示[22],小鼠腹腔注射檸烯沒有抗憂鬱功效,看似結果牴觸。不過腹腔注射檸烯需透過血液循環到達腦部和受器結合,才能活化腦部影響情緒。若藉由吸嗅不僅能攜帶芳香分子到肺迅速擴散至血液,且芳香分子也可結合嗅覺受器(olfactory receptors),刺激產生電生理反應(electrophysiological response)進而活化腦部,或許嗅覺路徑對腦部的活化、情緒的轉變至關重要也未可知。
參考資料:
(1)Milind, P., & Dev, C. (2012). Orange: range of benefits. Int Res J Pharm, 3(7), 59-63.
(2)Chand, P., Rana, S., & Singh, A. A Review on citrus: Medicinal activity of Citrus X sinensis (orange).
(3)Mannucci, C., Calapai, F., Cardia, L., Inferrera, G., D’Arena, G., Di Pietro, M., ... & Calapai, G. (2018). Clinical Pharmacology of Citrus aurantium and Citrus sinensis for the Treatment of Anxiety. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2018.
(4)Oliveira, E. D., Leite, T. S., Silva, B. A., & Conde-Garcia, E. A. (2005). Inotropic effect of Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck leaf extracts on the guinea pig atrium. Brazilian journal of medical and biological research, 38(1), 111-118.
(5)Favela-Hernández, J. M. J., González-Santiago, O., Ramírez-Cabrera, M. A., Esquivel-Ferriño, P. C., & Camacho-Corona, M. D. R. (2016). Chemistry and Pharmacology of Citrus sinensis. Molecules, 21(2), 247.
(6)Ruiz-Pérez, N. J., González-Ávila, M., Sánchez-Navarrete, J., Toscano-Garibay, J. D., Moreno-Eutimio, M. A., Sandoval-Hernández, T., & Arriaga-Alba, M. (2016). Antimycotic activity and genotoxic evaluation of Citrus sinensis and Citrus latifolia essential oils. Scientific reports, 6(1), 1-9.
(7)Jing, L., Lei, Z., Li, L., Xie, R., Xi, W., Guan, Y., ... & Zhou, Z. (2014). Antifungal activity of citrus essential oils. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 62(14), 3011-3033.
(8)Qiao, Y., Xie, B. J., Zhang, Y., Zhang, Y., Fan, G., Yao, X. L., & Pan, S. Y. (2008). Characterization of aroma active compounds in fruit juice and peel oil of Jinchen sweet orange fruit (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) by GC-MS and GC-O. Molecules, 13(6), 1333-1344.
(9)Oikeh, E. I., Oviasogie, F. E., & Omoregie, E. S. (2020). Quantitative phytochemical analysis and antimicrobial activities of fresh and dry ethanol extracts of Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck (sweet Orange) peels. Clinical Phytoscience, 6(1), 1-6.
(10)Oboh, G., & Ademosun, A. O. (2012). Characterization of the antioxidant properties of phenolic extracts from some citrus peels. Journal of food science and technology, 49(6), 729-736.
(11)de Carvalho Ribeiro, N., da Camara, C. A. G., de Souza Born, F., & de Siqueira, H. Á. A. (2010). Insecticidal activity against Bemisia tabaci biotype B of peel essential oil of Citrus sinensis var. pear and Citrus aurantium cultivated in northeast Brazil. Natural product communications, 5(11), 1934578X1000501126.
(12)Trovato, A., Monforte, M. T., Barbera, R., Rossitto, A., Galati, E. M., & Forestieri, A. M. (1996). Effects of fruit juices of Citrus sinensis L. and Citrus limon L. on experimental hypercholesterolemia in the rat. Phytomedicine, 2(3), 221-227.
(13)Shalaby, N. M., Abd-Alla, H. I., Ahmed, H. H., & Basoudan, N. (2011). Protective effect of Citrus sinensis and Citrus aurantifolia against osteoporosis and their phytochemical constituents. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 5(4), 579-588.
(14)Kim, Y. J., Bae, Y. C., Suh, K. T., & Jung, J. S. (2006). Quercetin, a flavonoid, inhibits proliferation and increases osteogenic differentiation in human adipose stromal cells. Biochemical pharmacology, 72(10), 1268-1278.
(15)Woo, J. T., Yonezawa, T., & Nagai, K. (2010). Phytochemicals that stimulate osteoblastic differentiation and bone formation. Journal of Oral Biosciences, 52(1), 15-21.
(16)Morrow, R., Deyhim, F., Patil, B. S., & Stoecker, B. J. (2009). Feeding orange pulp improved bone quality in a rat model of male osteoporosis. Journal of medicinal food, 12(2), 298-303.
(17)Xiao, H., Yang, C. S., Li, S., Jin, H., Ho, C. T., & Patel, T. (2009). Monodemethylated polymethoxyflavones from sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) peel inhibit growth of human lung cancer cells by apoptosis. Molecular nutrition & food research, 53(3), 398-406.
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(19)Goes, T. C., Antunes, F. D., Alves, P. B., & Teixeira-Silva, F. (2012). Effect of sweet orange aroma on experimental anxiety in humans. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 18(8), 798-804.
(20)Leite, M. P., Fassin Jr, J., Baziloni, E. M., Almeida, R. N., Mattei, R., & Leite, J. R. (2008). Behavioral effects of essential oil of Citrus aurantium L. inhalation in rats. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia, 18, 661-666.
(21)Faturi, C. B., Leite, J. R., Alves, P. B., Canton, A. C., & Teixeira-Silva, F. (2010). Anxiolytic-like effect of sweet orange aroma in Wistar rats. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 34(4), 605-609.
(22)Do Vale, T. G., Furtado, E. C., Santos Jr, J. G., & Viana, G. S. B. (2002). Central effects of citral, myrcene and limonene, constituents of essential oil chemotypes from Lippia alba (Mill.) NE Brown. Phytomedicine, 9(8), 709-714.
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