小荳蔻(Small cardamom,Elettaria cardamomum/ Amomum cardamomum)
薑科(Zingiberaceae)小荳蔻屬(Elettaria)
學名:Elettaria cardamomum/ Amomum cardamomum
別名:綠荳蔻
圖:小荳蔻(Elettaria cardamomum/ Amomum cardamomum)
Elettari意為坦米爾語(Tamil)的荳蔻種子,通常豆蔻(cardamoms)內含多種薑科堅果,主要是小荳蔻屬、豆蔻屬(Amomum)和非洲豆蔻屬(Aframomum),其中以小荳蔻最為重要,它精油量高、香氣足,在80%全球市場都是最受歡迎且最高價的香料[1-2]。
小荳蔻是“香料之后”,散發迷人香氣且味美,價格僅次番紅花和香草,廣泛分布在印度、瓜地馬拉、斯里蘭卡、尼泊爾、印尼、哥斯大黎加、墨西哥和坦尚尼亞等地。可生長至2-5 m,盛開的白花以桃紅條紋點綴,豆莢於花期後約120天成熟,莢色由綠轉金黃,豆莢因基因差異可能含12-32顆種子[3]。
【生理活性】
小荳蔻精油含量約0.2-8.7%/乾重[3],南印度小荳蔻精油成分有桉葉油醇(1,8-cineole,28.94%)、α-乙酸萜品酯(α-terpinyl acetate,26.7%)、α-萜品醇(α-terpineol,14.6%)、香檜烯(sabinene,13.5%)、橙花醇(nerol,5.0%)和α-蒎烯(α-pinene,2.4%)[4]。
冷壓小荳蔻籽油由49.2%油酸(oleic acid)、26.4%棕櫚酸(palmitic acid)和15.2%的亞麻油酸(linoleic acid)組成[5]。
民俗療法
緩解氣喘、反胃、腹瀉、白內障、牙周病、高血壓,以及泌尿道、腸胃、腎和心臟的不適。西元前4世紀阿育吠陀和古希臘、羅馬的醫生便會使用小荳蔻治療各種疾病,例如:支氣管炎、氣喘、便祕、感冒、咳嗽、肺阻塞、結核病或眼周的刺激,且可利尿、驅風。[3、6]
傳統中醫治便秘、胃痛、泌尿道感染和痢疾[7-8];阿育吠陀常使用在食物中毒的治療。和丁香、薑、藏茴香混合粉碎能減輕消化不良[9]。可解蛇毒和蠍毒;口服攝取能緩和發炎和頭痛[9],也能有效地止咳化痰、抑制黏液分泌[3]。咀嚼小荳蔻種子可使口氣清新、壓抑反胃和消化不良。加入咖啡中飲用在阿拉伯世界非常普遍,能舒緩頭痛和壓力。在西藏地區,混合小荳蔻、肉桂和長胡椒用於治療肥胖、血糖失衡,及肝、腎和心臟疾病。據說喝種子沖泡茶有壯陽和減少疲勞功效,可是也有頻繁攝取小荳蔻會陽痿的說法。每日持續攝取蜂蜜+小荳蔻能改善視力。[3]
抗癌
每日口服0.5%小荳蔻水溶液100 mL持續8周的大腸癌小鼠,檢視分析肝和腸組織發現可抗氧化的穀胱甘肽-S-轉移酶(glutathione-S-transferases)活性增加25-64%,也減少50-86%的過氧化脂質[10]。
每日餵食10 μL小荳蔻精油持續14天的小鼠[11],能顯著減少肝臟中細胞色素P450 (cytochrome P450) 30%、增加穀胱甘肽-S-轉移酶活性30%和可抗氧化的酸可溶硫醇物(acid-soluble sulfhydryl)含量30%,降低發展成癌細胞機率。
護腎、大腦
誘發氧化壓力前連續口服1周100和200 mg/kg b.wt.埃及小荳蔻蒸氣蒸餾精油,誘發後再持續口服26周的大鼠,可顯著降低腎和腦部的氧化壓力、50%脂質過氧化,增加抗氧化酵素活性[6]。
抗發炎
在誘發後爪腫脹前1小時腹腔注射175-280 μl/kg b.wt.小荳蔻精油的大鼠,能有效抑制腫脹大小69.2-86.4%;注射劑量30 mg/kg b.wt.的止痛藥—吲哚美辛(Indomethacin)能抑制76.0%[12]。
殺蟲
番茄潛旋蛾(Tuta absoluta)是番茄、馬鈴薯或其他茄科的主要害蟲。伊朗小荳蔻水蒸餾精油對番茄潛旋蛾蟲卵、幼蟲和成蟲暴露24小時的IC50分別為351.19、1.55-7.88和1.87 μL/L air[13]。使用的小荳蔻精油含乙酸萜品酯(terpinyl acetate,36.61%)、桉葉油醇(30.42%)、乙酸芳樟酯(linalyl acetate,5.79%)和香檜烯(4.85%)。
抗過敏
根據大鼠細胞研究[14],0.5 mg/mL小荳蔻己烷和酒精萃取物分別能抑制細胞過敏釋放的組織胺66.85%和36.50%,具有中度和低度潛在抗過敏功效;藍膠尤加利葉(Eucalyptus globulus)己烷和酒精萃取物能抑制84-85%,50 μM的槲皮素(quercetin)可抑制81.24%。
止痛
在誘發疼痛扭動前1小時腹腔注射133-400 μl/kg b.wt.小荳蔻精油的小鼠[12],可顯著降低扭動次數、減少痛感,在劑量233和400 μl/kg b.wt.時分別能抑制50%和100%的痛覺。
緩解腹瀉
在蓖麻油和硫酸鎂誘發腹瀉前1小時,先餵食10 mL/kg b.wt.小荳蔻熱水萃取物的小鼠,可部分避免腹瀉[15]。蓖麻油組的小鼠,在誘發後3小時內明顯有效,4-6小時無顯著差異;而硫酸鎂組僅在3-6小時顯著見效。
抗痙攣
2 cm白兔腸經過前處理後,浸於200-900 nL的小荳蔻精油中,抑制腸自發性運動的表現隨精油濃度增加而更明顯;也可抑制以乙醯膽鹼誘發的腸痙攣,實驗顯示400 nL的小荳蔻精油功效等同3 μg的抗痙攣藥—阿托平(Atropine) [12]。
可能風險
小鼠腹腔注射50-1,600 mL/kg b.wt.小荳蔻精油觀察6小時未發現有顯著異常行為[12]。45隻小鼠分組持續7天口服小荳蔻酒精萃取物0.003-3 mg/g b.wt.,結果0.3 mg/g b.wt.這組有明顯的體重下降;劑量3 mg/g b.wt.在7天後48小時有小鼠死亡[16]。
【芳療功效】
1 mL的5%小荳蔻精油軟膏(30%酒精)塗抹於大鼠腹部、白兔和成人皮膚5-30分鐘的體外研究表示[17],小荳蔻精油軟膏能顯著提升止痛藥—吲哚美辛的經皮吸收率,且使用人工調製模擬的小荳蔻精油仍有相同功效。在活體白兔腹部皮膚也能再現相似效果,塗抹後5分鐘每隔2小時抽血檢測發現,血漿中吲哚美辛濃度顯著增加至2-4倍至少持續12小時。使用的精油組成有桉葉油醇(59.3%)、檸烯(d-limonene,29.0%)、α-蒎烯(6.5%)、β-蒎烯(β-pinene,6.5%)和α-萜品醇(0.4%)。
30位健康大學生參與試驗[18],受試者吸嗅小荳蔻精油1分鐘後,使用跑步機以90.5 m/minute速率持續15分鐘,每隔3分鐘記錄生理參數並吸嗅精油1分鐘。結果吸嗅小荳蔻能刺激運動表現,更容易增加心率和交感神經活性;數據顯示有氧能力、最大攝氧量、呼氣高峰流量(peak expiratory flow rate)和體適能指數(physical fitness index)顯著提升,整體心肺功能表現較佳。
75位乳癌患者隨機分成精油按摩、吸嗅精油和控制組3組[19]。按摩組化療前接受20分鐘的2 mL複方精油瑞典式足底按摩;吸嗅精油組在化療前自然呼吸2 mL複方精油持續3分鐘。結果比起一般控制組,使用精油芳療的按摩和吸嗅組能顯著改善化療過程中導致的乾嘔、反胃和噁心感,其中又以按摩組表現最為理想。使用的複方精油含2%胡椒薄荷、1%佛手柑和1%小荳蔻,以甜杏仁油稀釋。
小荳蔻精油按摩或沐浴能有效提神、強身,並舒緩消化系統和喉嚨不適[20-21]。
參考文獻:
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(3)Ashokkumar, K., Murugan, M., Dhanya, M. K., & Warkentin, T. D. (2020). Botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry and biological activities of cardamom [Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton]–A critical review. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 246, 112244.
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(12)Al-Zuhair, H., El-Sayeh, B., Ameen, H. A., & Al-Shoora, H. (1996). Pharmacological studies of cardamom oil in animals. Pharmacological research, 34(1-2), 79-82.
(13)Goudarzvand Chegini, S., & Abbasipour, H. (2017). Chemical composition and insecticidal effects of the essential oil of cardamom, Elettaria cardamomum on the tomato leaf miner, Tuta absoluta. Toxin reviews, 36(1), 12-17.
(14)Ikawati, Z., Wahyuono, S., & Maeyama, K. (2001). Screening of several Indonesian medicinal plants for their inhibitory effect on histamine release from RBL-2H3 cells. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 75(2-3), 249-256.
(15)Rahman, T., Rahman, K. A., Rajia, S., Alamgir, M., Khan, M. T. H., & Choudhuri, M. (2008). Evaluation of antidiarrhoeal activity of cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum) on mice models. Oriental Pharmacy and Experimental Medicine, 8(2), 130-134.
(16)El Malti, J., Mountassif, D., & Amarouch, H. (2007). Antimicrobial activity of Elettaria cardamomum: Toxicity, biochemical and histological studies. Food chemistry, 104(4), 1560-1568.
(17)Huang, Y. B., Fang, J. Y., Hung, C. H., WU, P. C., & TSAI, Y. H. (1999). Cyclic Monoterpene Extract from Cardamom Oil as a Skin Permeation Enhancer for Indomethacin: In Vetro and in Vivo Studies. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 22(6), 642-646.
(18)Patil, S. L., Sreekumaran, E., & Krishna, A. P. (2011). Evaluation of The Efficacy of Cardamom Aromatherapy on Aerobic Fitness. & Autonomic Functions Among Students. Journal of Health and Allied Sciences NU, 1(01/03), 23-29.
(19)Zorba, P., & Ozdemir, L. (2018). The preliminary effects of massage and inhalation aromatherapy on chemotherapy-induced acute nausea and vomiting: a quasi-randomized controlled pilot trial. Cancer nursing, 41(5), 359-366.
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圖:Ashokkumar, K., Murugan, M., Dhanya, M. K., & Warkentin, T. D. (2020). Botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry and biological activities of cardamom [Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton]–A critical review. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 246, 112244.
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