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小荳蔻(Small cardamomElettaria cardamomum/ Amomum cardamomum)

 

薑科(Zingiberaceae)小荳蔻屬(Elettaria)

學名:Elettaria cardamomum/ Amomum cardamomum

別名:綠荳蔻

 

小荳蔻.jpg

圖:小荳蔻(Elettaria cardamomum/ Amomum cardamomum)

 

Elettari意為坦米爾語(Tamil)的荳蔻種子,通常豆蔻(cardamoms)內含多種薑科堅果,主要是小荳蔻屬、豆蔻屬(Amomum)和非洲豆蔻屬(Aframomum),其中以小荳蔻最為重要,它精油量高、香氣足,在80%全球市場都是最受歡迎且最高價的香料[1-2]

 

小荳蔻是香料之后,散發迷人香氣且味美,價格僅次番紅花和香草,廣泛分布在印度、瓜地馬拉、斯里蘭卡、尼泊爾、印尼、哥斯大黎加、墨西哥和坦尚尼亞等地。可生長至2-5 m,盛開的白花以桃紅條紋點綴,豆莢於花期後約120天成熟,莢色由綠轉金黃,豆莢因基因差異可能含12-32顆種子[3]

 

【生理活性】

 

小荳蔻精油含量約0.2-8.7%/乾重[3],南印度小荳蔻精油成分有桉葉油醇(1,8-cineole28.94%)α-乙酸萜品酯(α-terpinyl acetate26.7%)α-萜品醇(α-terpineol14.6%)、香檜烯(sabinene13.5%)、橙花醇(nerol5.0%)α-蒎烯(α-pinene2.4%)[4]

 

冷壓小荳蔻籽油由49.2%油酸(oleic acid)26.4%棕櫚酸(palmitic acid)15.2%的亞麻油酸(linoleic acid)組成[5]

 

民俗療法

 

緩解氣喘、反胃、腹瀉、白內障、牙周病、高血壓,以及泌尿道、腸胃、腎和心臟的不適。西元前4世紀阿育吠陀和古希臘、羅馬的醫生便會使用小荳蔻治療各種疾病,例如:支氣管炎、氣喘、便祕、感冒、咳嗽、肺阻塞、結核病或眼周的刺激,且可利尿、驅風。[36]

 

傳統中醫治便秘、胃痛、泌尿道感染和痢疾[7-8];阿育吠陀常使用在食物中毒的治療。和丁香、薑、藏茴香混合粉碎能減輕消化不良[9]。可解蛇毒和蠍毒;口服攝取能緩和發炎和頭痛[9],也能有效地止咳化痰、抑制黏液分泌[3]。咀嚼小荳蔻種子可使口氣清新、壓抑反胃和消化不良。加入咖啡中飲用在阿拉伯世界非常普遍,能舒緩頭痛和壓力。在西藏地區,混合小荳蔻、肉桂和長胡椒用於治療肥胖、血糖失衡,及肝、腎和心臟疾病。據說喝種子沖泡茶有壯陽和減少疲勞功效,可是也有頻繁攝取小荳蔻會陽痿的說法。每日持續攝取蜂蜜+小荳蔻能改善視力。[3]

 

抗癌

 

每日口服0.5%小荳蔻水溶液100 mL持續8周的大腸癌小鼠,檢視分析肝和腸組織發現可抗氧化的穀胱甘肽-S-轉移酶(glutathione-S-transferases)活性增加25-64%,也減少50-86%的過氧化脂質[10]

 

每日餵食10 μL小荳蔻精油持續14天的小鼠[11],能顯著減少肝臟中細胞色素P450 (cytochrome P450) 30%、增加穀胱甘肽-S-轉移酶活性30%和可抗氧化的酸可溶硫醇物(acid-soluble sulfhydryl)含量30%,降低發展成癌細胞機率。

 

護腎、大腦

 

誘發氧化壓力前連續口服1100200 mg/kg b.wt.埃及小荳蔻蒸氣蒸餾精油,誘發後再持續口服26周的大鼠,可顯著降低腎和腦部的氧化壓力、50%脂質過氧化,增加抗氧化酵素活性[6]

 

抗發炎

 

在誘發後爪腫脹前1小時腹腔注射175-280 μl/kg b.wt.小荳蔻精油的大鼠,能有效抑制腫脹大小69.2-86.4%;注射劑量30 mg/kg b.wt.的止痛藥吲哚美辛(Indomethacin)能抑制76.0%[12]

 

殺蟲

 

番茄潛旋蛾(Tuta absoluta)是番茄、馬鈴薯或其他茄科的主要害蟲。伊朗小荳蔻水蒸餾精油對番茄潛旋蛾蟲卵、幼蟲和成蟲暴露24小時的IC50分別為351.191.55-7.881.87 μL/L air[13]。使用的小荳蔻精油含乙酸萜品酯(terpinyl acetate36.61%)、桉葉油醇(30.42%)、乙酸芳樟酯(linalyl acetate5.79%)和香檜烯(4.85%)

 

抗過敏

 

根據大鼠細胞研究[14]0.5 mg/mL小荳蔻己烷和酒精萃取物分別能抑制細胞過敏釋放的組織胺66.85%36.50%,具有中度和低度潛在抗過敏功效;藍膠尤加利葉(Eucalyptus globulus)己烷和酒精萃取物能抑制84-85%50 μM的槲皮素(quercetin)可抑制81.24%

 

止痛

 

在誘發疼痛扭動前1小時腹腔注射133-400 μl/kg b.wt.小荳蔻精油的小鼠[12],可顯著降低扭動次數、減少痛感,在劑量233400 μl/kg b.wt.時分別能抑制50%100%的痛覺。

 

緩解腹瀉

 

在蓖麻油和硫酸鎂誘發腹瀉前1小時,先餵食10 mL/kg b.wt.小荳蔻熱水萃取物的小鼠,可部分避免腹瀉[15]。蓖麻油組的小鼠,在誘發後3小時內明顯有效,4-6小時無顯著差異;而硫酸鎂組僅在3-6小時顯著見效。

 

抗痙攣

 

2 cm白兔腸經過前處理後,浸於200-900 nL的小荳蔻精油中,抑制腸自發性運動的表現隨精油濃度增加而更明顯;也可抑制以乙醯膽鹼誘發的腸痙攣,實驗顯示400 nL的小荳蔻精油功效等同3 μg的抗痙攣藥阿托平(Atropine) [12]

 

可能風險

 

小鼠腹腔注射50-1,600 mL/kg b.wt.小荳蔻精油觀察6小時未發現有顯著異常行為[12]45隻小鼠分組持續7天口服小荳蔻酒精萃取物0.003-3 mg/g b.wt.,結果0.3 mg/g b.wt.這組有明顯的體重下降;劑量3 mg/g b.wt.7天後48小時有小鼠死亡[16]

 

【芳療功效】

 

1 mL5%小荳蔻精油軟膏(30%酒精)塗抹於大鼠腹部、白兔和成人皮膚5-30分鐘的體外研究表示[17],小荳蔻精油軟膏能顯著提升止痛藥吲哚美辛的經皮吸收率,且使用人工調製模擬的小荳蔻精油仍有相同功效。在活體白兔腹部皮膚也能再現相似效果,塗抹後5分鐘每隔2小時抽血檢測發現,血漿中吲哚美辛濃度顯著增加至2-4倍至少持續12小時。使用的精油組成有桉葉油醇(59.3%)、檸烯(d-limonene29.0%)α-蒎烯(6.5%)β-蒎烯(β-pinene6.5%)α-萜品醇(0.4%)

 

30位健康大學生參與試驗[18],受試者吸嗅小荳蔻精油1分鐘後,使用跑步機以90.5 m/minute速率持續15分鐘,每隔3分鐘記錄生理參數並吸嗅精油1分鐘。結果吸嗅小荳蔻能刺激運動表現,更容易增加心率和交感神經活性;數據顯示有氧能力、最大攝氧量、呼氣高峰流量(peak expiratory flow rate)和體適能指數(physical fitness index)顯著提升,整體心肺功能表現較佳。

 

75位乳癌患者隨機分成精油按摩、吸嗅精油和控制組3[19]。按摩組化療前接受20分鐘的2 mL複方精油瑞典式足底按摩;吸嗅精油組在化療前自然呼吸2 mL複方精油持續3分鐘。結果比起一般控制組,使用精油芳療的按摩和吸嗅組能顯著改善化療過程中導致的乾嘔、反胃和噁心感,其中又以按摩組表現最為理想。使用的複方精油含2%胡椒薄荷、1%佛手柑和1%小荳蔻,以甜杏仁油稀釋。

 

小荳蔻精油按摩或沐浴能有效提神、強身,並舒緩消化系統和喉嚨不適[20-21]

 

 

參考文獻:

(1)Setyawan, A. D., WIRYANTO, W., SURANTO, S., BERMAWIE, N., & SUDARMONO, S. (2014). Comparisons of isozyme diversity in local Java cardamom (Amomum compactum) and true cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum). Nusantara Bioscience, 6(1).

(2)Govindarajan, V. S., Narasimhan, S., Raghuveer, K. G., Lewis, Y. S., & Stahl, W. H. (1982). Cardamom—Production, technology, chemistry, and quality. Critical Reviews in Food Science & Nutrition, 16(3), 229-326.

(3)Ashokkumar, K., Murugan, M., Dhanya, M. K., & Warkentin, T. D. (2020). Botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry and biological activities of cardamom [Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton]–A critical review. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 246, 112244.

(4)Ashokkumar, K., Murugan, M., Dhanya, M. K., Raj, S., & Kamaraj, D. (2020). Phytochemical variations among four distinct varieties of Indian cardamom Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton. Natural product research, 34(13), 1919-1922.

(5)Parry, J., Hao, Z., Luther, M., Su, L., Zhou, K., & Yu, L. L. (2006). Characterization of cold-pressed onion, parsley, cardamom, mullein, roasted pumpkin, and milk thistle seed oils. Journal of the American oil chemists' society, 83(10), 847-854.

(6)Elguindy, N. M., Yacout, G. A., & El Azab, E. F. (2018). Amelioration of DENA-induced oxidative stress in rat kidney and brain by the essential oil of Elettaria cardamomum. Beni-Suef University Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 7(3), 299-305.

(7)Kapoor, L. D. (2018). CRC handbook of Ayurvedic medicinal plants. CRC press.

(8)Duke, J.A., Bogenschutz-Godwin, M.J., deCellier, J., Duke, P.K. (2003) Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton (Zingiberaceae) Cardamom, Malabar or Mysore cardamom, in CRC Handbook of Medicinal Spices, CRC Press, Washington DC.

(9)Govil, J.N. (1998) Glimpses in Plant Research. Vol. XII. Current concepts of Multidiscipline Approach to the Medicinal Plants (Part I). Today and Tomorrow’s Printers, New Delhi.

(10)Bhattacharjee, S., Rana, T., & Sengupta, A. (2007). Inhibition of lipid peroxidation and enhancement of GST activity by cardamom and cinnamon during chemically induced colon carcinogenesis in Swiss albino mice. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 8(4), 578-582.

(11)Banerjee, S., Sharma, R., Kale, R. K., & Rao, A. R. (1994). Influence of certain essential oils on carcinogen‐metabolizing enzymes and acid‐soluble sulfhydryls in mouse liver.

(12)Al-Zuhair, H., El-Sayeh, B., Ameen, H. A., & Al-Shoora, H. (1996). Pharmacological studies of cardamom oil in animals. Pharmacological research, 34(1-2), 79-82.

(13)Goudarzvand Chegini, S., & Abbasipour, H. (2017). Chemical composition and insecticidal effects of the essential oil of cardamom, Elettaria cardamomum on the tomato leaf miner, Tuta absoluta. Toxin reviews, 36(1), 12-17.

(14)Ikawati, Z., Wahyuono, S., & Maeyama, K. (2001). Screening of several Indonesian medicinal plants for their inhibitory effect on histamine release from RBL-2H3 cells. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 75(2-3), 249-256.

(15)Rahman, T., Rahman, K. A., Rajia, S., Alamgir, M., Khan, M. T. H., & Choudhuri, M. (2008). Evaluation of antidiarrhoeal activity of cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum) on mice models. Oriental Pharmacy and Experimental Medicine, 8(2), 130-134.

(16)El Malti, J., Mountassif, D., & Amarouch, H. (2007). Antimicrobial activity of Elettaria cardamomum: Toxicity, biochemical and histological studies. Food chemistry, 104(4), 1560-1568.

(17)Huang, Y. B., Fang, J. Y., Hung, C. H., WU, P. C., & TSAI, Y. H. (1999). Cyclic Monoterpene Extract from Cardamom Oil as a Skin Permeation Enhancer for Indomethacin: In Vetro and in Vivo Studies. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 22(6), 642-646.

(18)Patil, S. L., Sreekumaran, E., & Krishna, A. P. (2011). Evaluation of The Efficacy of Cardamom Aromatherapy on Aerobic Fitness. & Autonomic Functions Among Students. Journal of Health and Allied Sciences NU, 1(01/03), 23-29.

(19)Zorba, P., & Ozdemir, L. (2018). The preliminary effects of massage and inhalation aromatherapy on chemotherapy-induced acute nausea and vomiting: a quasi-randomized controlled pilot trial. Cancer nursing, 41(5), 359-366.

(20)Khatri, P., Jamdagni, P., Sindhu, A., & Rana, J. S. (2016). Antimicrobial potential of important medicinal plants of India. Int. J. Microb. Res. Technol, 3, 301-308.

(21)Anwar, F., Abbas, A., & Alkharfy, K. M. (2016). Cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum Maton) Oils. In Essential oils in food preservation, flavor and safety (pp. 295-301). Academic Press.

 

圖:Ashokkumar, K., Murugan, M., Dhanya, M. K., & Warkentin, T. D. (2020). Botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry and biological activities of cardamom [Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton]–A critical review. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 246, 112244.

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